... involve. enhanced recovery waterflooding stochastic gradient adjoint gradient Artificial Intelligence Upstream Oil & Gas optimal control production rate optimization problem constraint control variable Reynolds machine learning reservoir simulation approximation state constraint...

... discount rate Upstream Oil & Gas cash flow correspond well control NPV optimization procedure operation optimal solution optimization problem optimal npv optimal control mirr Control step Durlofsky production optimization internal rate economic project life project life computation...

... Chebyshev polynomial Polynomial Approximation reservoir simulation parameterization iteration optimization problem approximation snapshot matrix Upstream Oil & Gas control trajectory equation algorithm matrix decision variable fine scale optimal control basis function reduction...

... optimization problem constraint reservoir simulation optimal control artificial intelligence upstream oil & gas robust optimization iteration enhanced recovery waterflooding optimization producer control step short-term npv robust long-term optimization short-term optimization...

... for production optimization using optimal control theory. The approach is to use the underlying simulator as the forward model and its adjoint for the calculation of gradients. Direct coding of the adjoint model is, however, complex and time consuming, and the code is dependent on the forward model in the sense...