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General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 06 February 2025
Abstract
In most exploration and reservoir seismic surveys, the main objectives are, first, to correctly image the structure in time and depth and, second, to correctly characterize the amplitudes of the reflections. Assuming that the amplitudes are accurately rendered, a host of additional features can be derived and used in interpretation. Collectively, these features are referred to as seismic attributes. [1]
The simplest attribute, and the one most widely used, is seismic amplitude, and it is usually reported as the maximum (positive or negative) amplitude value at each sample along a horizon picked from a 3D volume. It is fortunate that, in many cases, the amplitude of reflection corresponds directly to the porosity or to the saturation of the underlying formation.
Attributes can be obtained from typical post-stack seismic data volumes, and these are the most common types. On the other hand, additional information can be obtained from attributes of the individual seismic traces prior to stacking, in a prestack analysis. The most common of these is the variation of amplitude with offset [or amplitude vs. offset (AVO)], which is often used as an indicator of fluid type. The interpretation of any attribute is nonunique, and calibration to well data is required to minimize the ambiguities present.
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 06 February 2025
Abstract
Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is an outstanding example of a steam injection process devised for exploitation of heavy oil or bitumen reservoirs utilizing horizontal wells. It is widely used in Alberta Canada, Russia, and China for recovery of heavy and extra-heavy oilsands resources.
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
Abstract
Reservoir geophysics, in contrast to exploration and development geophysics, is a relatively new field. Rather than being limited to assisting in the identification and delineation of prospects, geophysics is now increasingly being used for the characterization of the internal geometry and quality of reservoirs themselves and is often used as a means of monitoring reservoir changes between wells during production. Advances in the reliability of seismic observations and in methods for interpreting these observations in terms of reservoir properties have, together with economic considerations, provided the driving forces for the development of reservoir geophysics.
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
Abstract
The ability of seismic reflection technology to image subsurface targets is possible largely through the geometry of sources and receivers. A method similar to triangulation is used to place reflections in their correct locations with (more-or-less) correct amplitudes, which can then be interpreted. The amplitudes are indicative of relative changes in impedance, and the seismic volume can be processed to yield impedances between the reflecting boundaries.
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
Abstract
Conventional separators can be oriented vertically or horizontally, with each orientation having advantages and disadvantages. Horizontal vessels are generally preferred for high liquid rates, liquid slug mitigation, and three-phase separation. Vertical vessels are generally preferred for high gas volume fraction flows such as scrubber applications. General guidance on the selection of the most common designs can be found in the following references:
-API Recommended Practice 12J Ninth Edition, September 2024, Process Design of Oil and Gas Separators and Scrubbers. [1]
-GPSA Handbook Section 7, 14 th Edition. [2]
-Norsok Standards P-002 Process System Design, 2014 [3] .
These designs include:
-Vertical two-phase separator with inlet diverter and mist eliminator with/without an agglomerator
-Horizontal three-phase separator with flooded or spill-over weir
-Horizontal three-phase separator with oil bucket and water weir, requiring no active interface control
-Horizontal three-phase separator with boot for low water rates
Vertical three-phase separators are typically not used due to the difficulty of achieving good liquid flow distribution and short separation lengths.
For an overview of separators, refer to Oil and Gas Separators
For design of horizontal and vertical vessels, refer to Separator design
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
Abstract
Severe slugging is the intermittent flow of liquid and gas with an amplitude large enough (longer than one riser length [1] ) to cause adverse consequences on the production platform processing facilities. Severe slugging has five major stages, as illustrated in Figure 1 and described below.
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
Abstract
Historically the flow regimes associated with the presence of two phases have been studied more than in the case with three phases, consequently, the data and research for the former are more comprehensive. Whereas, the multi-phase fluid flow that consists of two immiscible liquids and gas carries physical significance in the oil and gas industry [1] . In gas pipelines, it is common to have water and hydrocarbon whereas in oil pipelines both water and vapor can coexist. When water production is high or has an increasing trend then water can no longer be neglected and should be accounted for together with oil and gas phases otherwise the data interpretation will be inadequate [2] . In other areas apart from petroleum engineering (e.g. chemical and nuclear engineering), the simultaneous flow of multiple phases is frequently encountered therefore more interest and studies have been dedicated to this phenomenon [3] .
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
Abstract
Petroleum is any hydrocarbon recovered from the subsurface of the earth after drilling such as oil and gas.Oil and gas provide about 60% of all the energy used by the society today. They provide fuel for means of transportation and they are a must for the daily life requirements including: heating, lighting and cooking. They are used in most of manufacturing processes around us such as: synthetic fabrics, plastics, fertilizers, detergent and many other purposes. Briefly, no one can imagine the world without oil and gas.
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
Abstract
The Greek words gê, which means Earth, and thérm, which means heat, are combined to form the word "geothermal". Geothermal energy is the thermal energy that the Earth produces. Geothermal resources refer to localized areas inside the Earth's crust that contain significant amounts of heat energy. Geothermal energy, or heat, that is currently or reasonably soon obtainable and economically used
There are thermal energy concentrations close to the Earth's surface that can be exploited as an energy source because of spatial fluctuations in the thermal energy found in the planet's deep crust and mantle. Three main mechanisms—conduction through rocks, magma rising to the surface, and deep water circulation—transmit heat from the Earth's lower layers. Most high-temperature geothermal resources are linked to heat concentrations that happen when magma (melted rock) moves to places close to the surface, where it can store heat. Due to the low heat conductivity of rocks, massive magma intrusions may take millions of years to cool.
Geologic mapping, geochemical analysis of water from hot springs, and geophysical techniques utilized in the mining sector are the most prevalent methods employed in the exploration for geothermal resources. With developments in seismic methods, reflection seismic surveys are increasingly being employed. Geothermal drilling relies on technologies used in the oil/gas sector that are updated for high temperature applications and wider well sizes. Because high flow rates are often required for profitable production, the oil and gas industry has developed methodologies for extensively fractured reservoirs that are used in well testing and reservoir engineering.
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
Abstract
Several of the chemical elements that make up the atmosphere of the earth function as greenhouse gases. Some of the sunlight that touches the surface of the planet reflects back into space as infrared radiation (heat). Its infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases, which trap the heat it contains in the atmosphere and cause global warming and climate change. These GHG effects are seen in many gases. Certain gases are created both naturally and by human activity. Some are entirely human-made, such as industrial gases [1] .
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
Abstract
Conventional control and choke valves tend to shear and emulsify the petroleum phases. The low shear valve aims to reduce the turbulence and shear forces acting on the fluid mixture. Less emulsified fluid flow has positive impact on the separation facilities. This article describes low shear valve design principles. Various valve geometries with low shear design principles are presented.
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
Abstract
Low-salinity water flooding (LSW) is an EOR method that injects water containing low concentrations of soluble solids into a reservoir. Its potential of improving oil production has been proved through laboratory experiments. Unlike the conventional water flooding, low-salinity water flooding can change the wettability of the reservoir rock in order to increase oil recovery. It is usually used as tertiary oil recovery technology and has great potential for oilfield development.
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
Abstract
Empirical methods are quantitative, statistically-based relationships that allow one to compare performance against a collection of analogous reservoirs using specific reservoir properties. As production forecasting analog methods states, analog methods are generally more qualitative in nature, but it often is possible to derive equations relating reservoir parameters to performance indicators. This should allow narrowing the range of outcomes rather than using the entire range of analog values.
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
Abstract
The Drake Well is a 69.5-foot-deep (21.2 m) oil well in Cherrytree Township, Venango County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, the success of which sparked the first oil boom in the United States. The well is the centerpiece of the Drake Well Museum located 3 miles (5 km) south of Titusville. [1]
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
Abstract
Cyclic CO 2 (huff-n-puff) injection is an Enhanced oil recovery (E.O.R.) process based on the injection of CO 2 (huff stage) into the producing formation, followed by a shut-in period where the injected gas dissolves into the oil, swelling it, and reduces its viscosity. After this soaking stage, the production is restarted (puff stage), increasing oil production from a partially depleted reservoir [1]
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
Abstract
Cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) is a method of producing heavy oil by injecting a certain amount of steam into a well and shutting it in for a period until the heat energy of steam gets transferred to the reservoir and then putting it back on production. Cyclic steam injection is used extensively in heavy-oil reservoirs, tar sands, and in some cases to improve injectivity prior to steam flood or in situ combustion operations. Cyclic steam injection is also called steam soak or steam huff `n puff (slang) method. [1]
General Information
Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Published: 05 February 2025
Abstract
Many separators, both horizontal and vertical, will be equipped with a demisting device located directly upstream of the gas outlet. Its main purpose is to separate liquid droplets from the gas stream prior to leaving the separator. As the last gas-liquid separation step of the separator, it is crucial that the demisting device is designed properly and in conjunction with the other sections of the separator in order to achieve the desired performance.
For optimal separation efficiency, the gas flow should be distributed as evenly as possible across the upstream face of the demisting equipment. Uneven distribution can result in a substantial drop in separation performance and an increase in liquid carryover.
Liquid carryover from a demisting device operating within its designated range generally stems from two factors, which usually occur simultaneously:
1. Droplet capture capabilities of the demisting device
If the mist flow contains droplets smaller than those the demisting device is capable of fully separating, some of the incoming droplets will pass through the device, leading to carryover.
2. Re-entrainment of liquid into the gas within the demisting device
After separation, the liquid remains in contact with the gas flow for a period before it drains from the device’s separation zone. During this time, some of the separated liquid may be re-entrained by the gas and carried to the device's outlet, adding to the carryover.
These two effects counterbalance each other with respect to gas flow. If the gas flow is increased to enhance droplet capture and reduce carryover (factor 1), it also raises the shear forces and increases the rate of re-entrainment (factor 2). Therefore, an optimal operating point or range exists, where the total carryover is minimized, depending on the operating conditions (such as fluid flow rates, properties, and incoming droplet size distribution).
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