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A

  • above-NEMA motors

    • altitude and ambient temperature for, 500

    • enclosures for ( See above-NEMA motors, enclosures for)

    • sizes of, 500

    • torque and, 500

  • above-NEMA motors, enclosures for

    • horizontal drip-proof weather-protected type I, 501

    • horizontal drip-proof weather-protected type II, 501

    • OPD, 501

    • TEFC for above-NEMA motors, 501

    • totally enclosed, air-to-air cooled (TEAAC), 501

    • totally enclosed, fan-cooled, explosion-proof, 501

    • totally enclosed, water-to-air cooled (TEWAC), 501

  • acceleration head and pumps, 237

  • AC/DC coalescer, 99–100

  • AC/DC dehydrator, 99

  • acid gases, 187

  • AC motor drives

    • constant horsepower load and, 494–495

    • constant torque load and, 494

    • distance between drive and motor, 496

    • motor selection, 496

    • reduced voltage and frequency starting, 495–496

    • service factor on AC drives, 496

    • volts per hertz ratio, 493–494

  • AC motors to load, matching

    • centrifugal pump, 496–497

    • load-characteristics tables, 496

    • load torque calculation, 496

    • screw-down actuator, 497–498

  • AC treaters, 96

  • adiabatic compression. See isentropic compression

  • adiabatic efficiency. See isentropic efficiency

  • agitation, 71

  • air-cooled systems, 297

  • aircraft turbine engines, 311

  • air/fuel ratio control, 306

  • air properties and hydrostatics, 233

  • aldehydes (CHO) pollutants, 306

  • alternating-current (AC) field, 73–74

  • alternating-current (AC) motors, 479–480

    • induction motors, 480–481

    • rotor rotation, 481–484

    • synchronous motors, 484–485

  • American Petroleum Institute (API) RP2A, 539–540

  • American Petroleum Institute (API) standards, 262, 265, 439, 442, 510

    • for distance piece, 284

    • field-welded storage tanks and, 508

    • floating-roof tanks and, 513, 515–516

    • shop-welded tanks and, 506–507

    • tank leak detection and, 518–519

    • vent system design and, 512–513

  • American Petroleum Institute’s (API’s) Recommended Practice (RP) 14C approach, 398

    • abnormal operating conditions and, 400

    • blowdown/vent system and, 402–403

    • effects of hydrocarbon releases and, 400–401

    • emergency suport systems (ESS) and, 401

    • ignition-prevention measures and, 405

    • normal operating ranges and, 399–400

    • pneumatic supply system and, 402

    • process components and, 399

    • process variables and, 399

    • production-facility safety analysis and, 407–408

    • production-process safety systems and, 401–404

    • safety analysis and, 406–407

    • safety analysis checklists (SAC) and, 406

  • annular combustor. See radial combustor

  • ANSI/ASME Standard B31.3 code, 343, 345–346, 353

  • ANSI/ASME Standard B31.4 code, 343, 346, 353

  • ANSI/ASME Standard B31.8 code, 343, 346–353

  • antifoams, 176–177

  • antisurge valves, 281

  • API RP 500, 477

  • API RP 14C, 16, 113

  • API separator, 128

  • Arctic, environmental conditions in, 558–559

  • AST. See atmospheric storage tank

  • atmospheric corrosion and pipelines, 370

  • atmospheric storage tank (AST), 508

  • Authorization for expenditure (AFE), 569, 582–587, 590

    • initial project cost estimate and, 582–583

  • axial flow cyclones, 29

  • axial-flow impellers, 242

B

  • backpressure valves, 245

  • ballistic model, 39

  • basic sediment and water (BS&W), 2

  • bearings and reciprocating compressors, 286

  • Bernoulli’s equation, 237, 318–320

  • best-efficiency point (BEP), 241

  • biocide testing, 176

    • bacteriostatic test, 176

    • planktonic time kill test, 176

    • sessile bacteria time kill test, 176

  • blowdown valves

    • centrifugal compressors and, 281

    • and reciprocating compressors, 294

  • bolting materials standards and pipeline systems, 357

  • booster compressors, 262

  • branch connections standards and pipeline systems, 359

  • bridge-supported flares, 428

  • BS&W measurements, 81

  • bubblepoint, 2

  • burners and fire tubes, 113–114

  • burn pits and flare stacks, 434

C

  • can combustors, 312

  • capacity

    • control and centrifugal compressors, 280–281

    • reciprocating compressor and, 287–288

    • reciprocating pumps and, 255

  • carbon filters, 208

  • carbon monoxide (CO)

    • gas turbine engines and, 315

    • reciprocating engines and, 306–307

  • cartridge filters, 164–165

  • casinghead compressors, 262

  • centrifugal compressors, 261, 263–265

    • antisurge valves and, 281

    • blowdown valves of, 281

    • capacity control and, 280–281

    • components of, 272–278

    • discharge check valves of, 281

    • discharge coolers and, 282

    • flare valves of, 281

    • installation processes of, 279–282

    • maintenance of, 282

    • mezzanine-mounted installations of, 279–280

    • multistage, 272

    • performance characteristic of, 278

    • purge valves of, 281–282

    • relief valves of, 281

    • safety and monitoring devices of, 282

    • shutdown valves of, 281

    • single-stage, 272

    • speed control and, 280

    • stonewall (choke) limit of, 279

    • suction scrubbers and, 282

    • suction throttle valves and, 280

    • surge limit of, 278–279

    • variable inlet guide vanes and, 280–281

    • vent valves and, 282

    • vibration monitoring and, 282

  • centrifugal pumps, 231, 496–497

    • affinity laws and performance of, 247

    • backpressure valves and, 245

    • check valves and, 249–250

    • classifications, 240

    • considerations and hydrostatics, 233–234

    • flow rate regulation and, 244

    • impeller axial loading and, 241

    • impeller radial loading and, 241

    • impeller types and, 240–241

    • installation considerations, 248–250

    • minimum-flow recirculation valve and, 245

    • multistage, 241

    • number of impeller and, 241

    • parallel operation of, 241–242

    • pump-performance curves and, 242–243

    • pump priming and, 247–248

    • pump specific speed and, 241–242

    • series operation of, 242

    • single-stage, 241

    • speed change and, 245–246

    • system head curve and, 243–244

    • variable-speed control and, 246–247

  • centrifugation, 77

  • centrifuges, 137, 144

  • chemical demulsifiers, 68–69

  • chemical effect mechanisms

    • crystal modifiers, 173

    • dispersion, 173

    • sequestering, 173

    • threshold effects, 173

  • chlorine, 175–176

  • clearance volume, 289

    • double-acting cylinder (head-end and crank-end clearance), 291

    • of single-acting cylinder (crank-end clearance), 290

    • of single-acting cylinder (head-end clearance), 289

  • closed floating-roof tank (CFRT), 508

  • closed impellers, 240–241

  • coalescense, 125

  • coalescers, 30

  • coalescing plates, 71–72

  • coarse strainers, 161–163

  • commissioning, 589–590

  • compact deoxygenation, 167–168

  • compliant and floating systems

    • compliant towers, 544

    • deep-draft floaters, 546–548

    • floating production systems, 548–551

    • tension leg platforms, 544–546

    • wet vs. dry trees, 548

  • composite plate electrodes, 107

  • compressibility factor, 268–269

  • compression ratio, 270

  • compression theory

    • actual (inlet) volume flow and, 269–270

    • compressibility factor and, 268–269

    • compression stages and, 271–272

    • head and, 267–268

    • intercooling and, 270

    • isentropic compression, 265–266

    • isentropic efficiency and, 268

    • mass (weight) flow and, 269

    • polytropic compression, 266–267

    • polytropic efficiency and, 268

    • standard volume flow and, 269

  • compressors

    • booster, 262

    • capacity (flow) of, 269–270

    • casinghead, 262

    • centrifugal ( See centrifugal compressors)

    • classification and types, 262–265

    • dynamic compressors, 262

    • flash gas, 261

    • gas lift, 261

    • integral, 263

    • positive displacement compressors, 262–263

    • power requirements and, 270

    • reciprocating, 262–263

    • reinjection, 261–262

    • rotary positive displacement compressors, 263

    • screw, 263

    • selection of, 270–271

    • separable, 262–263

    • vane, 263

    • vapor recovery, 262

  • concentric ring valves, 287

  • condensable vapors, 17

  • copper-ion displacement test, 174

  • CO 2 removal, membrane processing for, 225–227

  • coriolis flowmeters, 457

    • advantages and disadvantages, 459

    • CPU and, 443

    • flow velocity and, 443

    • ISO standard and, 457–458

    • LACT units and, 448

    • operational theory of, 443, 459

    • overview of, 458–459

    • sensor considerations and, 443

    • sizing of, 459

    • transmitter considerations and, 443–444

  • corrosion, 173

    • coupons, 175

    • protection, 173–175 ( See also corrosion prevention)

  • corrosion, emulsion-treating equipment

    • cathodic protection, 114

    • corrosion inhibitors, 114

    • exclusion of oxygen, 114

    • internal coating, 115

    • metallurgy, 115

  • corrosion prevention

    • of offshore pipelines, 380

    • of onshore pipelines, 368–370

    • Splashtron and, 380

  • corrosivity and pumps, 236

  • counterflow-desalter, 105

  • crank pin bearings, 286

  • crude oil, 2, 15–16

    • viscosity/temperature relationships for, 67

  • crude-oil emulsions, economics of treating, 115–117

  • crude-oil emulsions, sampling and analyzing, 64

    • coalescence (flocculation), 65

    • destabilization (coagulation), 65

    • gravity separation (sedimentation), 65

  • cylinder(s)

    • cooling, 296–297

    • piston displacement and, 288–289

    • reciprocating compressors and, 283–284

D

  • deep draught caisson vessel (DDCV), 531

  • deepwater and ultradeepwater developments, future technology, 562–563

  • dehydration of natural gas, 198

  • deliquescing, 217

    • desiccants, 215

  • delta-delta connection, 467–468

  • delta-wye connection, 468

  • demineralization, 147, 150

  • demisters, 26

  • demisting cyclones, types of, 29

  • demulsifier, 70

  • deoilers, 135

  • depressurization, stages of, 13–14

  • derating factors

    • altitude and temperature, 493

    • frequency, 492–493

    • voltage variation, 492

  • derrick-supported flares, 428

  • derrick-supported stacks, 427

  • desalting

    • analytical methods, 81–82

    • dilution water, 78–79

    • effluent-water quality, 80

    • mixing efficiency, 78

    • water recycle, 79–80

    • water solubility in crude oil, 80–81

  • desanders, 142

  • desanding hydrocyclones, 142–144

  • desiccant dehydration process, 216

    • dry, 214–215

  • design

    • elevated flare stacks, 427

    • of flare and vent disposal systems, 424

    • flare stacks, 429–436

    • flow rate, 232

    • for piping and pipeline systems, 318–335

    • pressure, 10

    • for pumps, 232–233

    • vent stacks, 435–436

  • detailed engineering, 568

  • diaphragm pumps, 253–255

  • diesel engines, 303–305

  • diethanolamine (DEA), 191

  • diglycolamine (DGA), 190

  • diisopropanolamine (DIPA), 191

  • dikes, 520

  • dipolar attractive force, 95

  • direct current (DC) field, 73

  • discharge check valves, 281

  • discharge coolers, 282

  • discharge head, 238

  • discharge piping

    • centrifugal pump installation and, 249–250

    • positive-displacement pump installation and, 256

    • relief systems and, 421–422

  • discharge pressure and reciprocating compressor performance, 293

  • dispersed-gas units, 133–135

  • dissolved gases, 236

  • dissolved-gas units, 133

  • distance piece, 284–285

  • distillation, 77–78

  • distribution transformers, 466

  • double-acting compressor cylinders

    • clearance volume of, 291

    • piston displacement of, 288–289

    • rod loads of, 293

  • double hot AC, 96

  • droplet settling theory, 39

  • dry sweetening processes, 197

  • dynamic compressors, 262. See also centrifugal compressors

    • polytropic compression and, 266–267

  • dynamic scale-inhibition test, 173

E

  • eccentric reducers, 249

  • electrical-distribution systems

    • primary distribution system and voltages, 465–466

    • secondary electrical system, 466–469

  • electrical grounding, 469–471

  • electrical probes, 173, 175

  • electrical systems

    • above-NEMA motors ( See above-NEMA motors)

    • AC motor drives ( See AC motor drives)

    • alternating-current (AC) motors ( See alternating-current (AC) motors)

    • derating factors ( See derating factors)

    • electrical codes and standards, 461

    • electrical-distribution systems ( See electrical-distribution systems)

    • electrical grounding, 469–471

    • enclosures ( See electrical systems, enclosures)

    • hazardous-area classification ( See hazardous-area classification, electrical systems)

    • matching AC motors to load ( See AC motors to load, matching)

    • motor specifications, 485–489

    • motor starting, methods of ( See motor starting, methods of)

    • mounting, NEMA dimensions, 500

    • NEMA motor characteristics, 489–490

    • power factor and use of capacitors, 473–475

    • power sources, 461–463

    • power supply, sizing and selection of, 463–465

    • voltage drop in ( See voltage drop in electrical systems)

  • electrical systems, enclosures

    • explosion-proof (XP), 499

    • open drip-proof (ODP), 498–499

    • totally enclosed, fan-cooled (TEFC), 499

    • totally enclosed nonventilated (TENV), 499

  • electric motors. See also electrical systems

    • pump drivers and, 257

  • electrified oil field, 466

  • electrodes, 106–107

  • electrostatic coalescence, 72–74, 107

  • electrostatic coalescing treaters, 95–104

  • elevated flare stacks, 427

  • elevation head and pumps, 237

  • emergency-shutdown (ESD) systems, 389–390

  • emergency suport systems (ESS), 401. See also emergency-shutdown systems

  • emission pollutants

    • gas turbines and, 314–315

    • reciprocating engines and, 305–307

  • emulsifying agents, 63

  • emulsion(s)

    • definition of, 62

    • effect of, on fluid viscosity, 64

    • emulsifying agents, 63

    • external phase, 62

    • filtering and, 75

    • formation of crude, 62–63

    • prevention of, 63

    • sampling and analyzing, 64–65

    • stability of, 63–64

  • emulsion(s), operational consideration of

    • burners and fire tubes, 113–114

    • corrosion, 114–115

    • treating emulsions from enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects, 112–113

    • water calcification, 113

  • emulsion-heating equipment, 109

  • emulsion-treating equipment, 82–83

  • electrostatic coalescing treaters, 95–104

    • FWKOs, 83–84

    • horizontal emulsion treaters, 93–95

    • operational parameters, 104–105

    • settling tanks, 85–91

    • storage tanks, 84–85

    • vertical emulsion treaters, 91–93

  • emulsion-treating methods, 65

    • agitation, 71

    • centrifugation, 77

    • chemical demulsifiers, 68–71

    • coalescing plates, 71–72

    • distillation, 77–78

    • electrostatic coalescence, 72–74

    • fibrous packing, 75–76

    • filtering, 75

    • gravity settling, 76

    • heating, 66–68

    • retention time, 76–77

    • water recycle, 74–75

    • water washing, 74–75

  • emulsion-treating vessels, 74–75

  • Endolock™ system, 519

  • engineer, procure, and construction-management (EPCM), 567, 581–582

  • engineer procure construct (EPC), 567

  • engine fuels

    • for gas turbine engines, 315–316

    • for reciprocating engines, 308

  • entrainment removal, mechanisms of, 26

  • epoxy-based paint system, 517

  • equations, mathematical

    • Bernoulli equation, 318–320

    • for equivalent lengths, 341

    • for flow coefficient, 336–341

    • Hazen-Williams equation, 323, 327

    • Panhandle equation, 329–330

    • for pipe wall thickness, 341, 343

    • for resistance coefficient, 336–341

    • Spitzglass equation, 330

    • Weymouth equation, 327, 329–330

  • equipment grounding, 470

  • erosional velocity, and pipes, 354

  • exhaust emissions

    • air/fuel ratio control and, 306

    • catalyst reduction for control, 306

    • gas turbine engines and, 314–315

    • lean-burn engines and, 306–307

    • reciprocating engines and, 305–307

    • rich-burn engines and, 306–307

  • exhaust silencers, 314

  • expansion turbines, 257–258

  • expansion vessels, 14

  • explosion-proof (XP), 499

  • external corrosion and pipelines, 369–370

  • external floating-roof tank (EFRT), 508

  • external-gear pumps, 251

F

  • ferric sulfate, 171–172

  • fiber-bed

    • filter cartridges, 32

    • mist eliminators, 30

  • fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), 507

  • fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP), 179

  • fibrous packing, 75–76

  • field-welded storage tanks, 507–508

    • API standards and, 508

  • film-forming inhibitors, 173

  • filters, 15

    • coalescence, 31

  • fire tubes

    • burners and, 113–114

    • and hazards, 396

  • fixed-roof tank (FRT), 508–509

    • vent system design and, 512

  • fixed steel and concrete gravity base structures, 534–544

  • flanges, 356–357

  • flare and vent disposal systems

    • design of, 424

    • flame arrestors and, 427

    • flare stacks and, 427–436

    • flashback protection and, 425

    • fluidic seals and, 427

    • knockout drums in, 424–425

    • molecular drums in, 426–427

    • seal drums in, 425–426

  • flare stacks

    • burn pits and, 434

    • design of, 429–436

    • elevated, 427

    • exit gas velocity and, 429–430

    • flame distortion and, 433

    • flare-tip diameter and, 429–430

    • gas dispersion limitations and, 433

    • height, 431–433

    • offshore flare-support structures and, 427–429

    • pressure drops and, 430–431

    • purge gas and, 434

    • radiation considerations and, 433

  • flare valves and centrifugal compressors, 281

  • flash chamber, 14

  • flash gas compressors, 261

  • floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO)

    • systems, 35, 528–533, 548–550

    • vessels, 34

  • floating production system (FPS), 529–532, 548–549

  • floating-roof tanks

    • API standards and, 513, 515–514

    • CFRT, 514, 516

    • IFRT, 513–514, 516

    • net-working capacity and, 514–515

    • product loss management and safety considerations for, 513–514

    • product vapor control with, 515–514

    • PV and, 514

    • tank appurtenances and, 516

  • flow assurance, 554–555

  • flow capacity. See capacity

  • flowmeters. See liquid meters

  • fluid principles and hydraulics

    • fluids types and, 231

    • pumping-system design and, 232–233

    • pump types and, 231

  • foaming oil, 30–31

  • foundation design

    • centrifugal pumps installation and, 248–249

    • positive-displacement pumps installation and, 256

    • of reciprocating compressors, 296

  • four-stroke cycle engines, 303

  • free gas, 17

  • free-water knockout (FWKO), 83–85

    • vessel, 68

  • FRP. See fiberglass reinforced plastic; fiber-reinforced plastic

  • FRT. See fixed-roof tank

G

  • gas blanketing system

    • natural gas and, 511

    • pressure regulator and, 511

    • vent system design and, 512

  • gas blowby, 418–419

  • gas facility, blocks of

    • compression, 8

    • cooling, 6–7

    • gas dehydration, 7–8

    • gas processing, 8

    • gas treating, 7

    • heating, 6

    • separation, 6

    • stabilization, 8

  • gas flotation units, 132–133

    • dispersed-gas units, 133–135

    • dissolved-gas units, 133

  • gasket materials standards and pipeline systems, 357

  • gas lift compressors, 261

  • gas meters, 449

    • coriolis, 457–459

    • orifice, 450–452

    • turbine, 452–455

    • ultrasonic, 455–457

  • gas plants

    • processes, 186

    • refrigeration process in, 219

  • gas scrubber, 15

  • gas stripping, 166–167

  • gas treating and processing

    • contactor design considerations, 211–212

    • contactor or absorber, function of, 202–203

    • dehydration of natural gas, 198

    • dehydration with deliquescing desiccants, 215–218

    • dehydration with glycol, 198–200

    • dewpoint control by refrigeration, 219–221

    • dry desiccant dehydration, 214–215

    • dry sweetening processes, 197–198

    • environmental concerns, 213

    • glycol circulating system, components of, 207–209

    • glycol dehydrator BTEX and VOC emission control, 213–214

    • glycol purity enhancement methods, 206–207

    • glycol regeneration, 206

    • hybrid process, 194–195

    • IFPEXOL process, 221–222

    • inlet separator, function of, 200–202

    • instrumentation and controls, 209–211

    • Joule-Thomson expansion, 224–225

    • membrane processing for CO 2 removal, 225–227

    • NGL extraction methods, 222–223

    • nonregenerative chemical solvent (scavenger) processes, 196–197

    • objectives, 185

    • operation checklist, normal, 212

    • physical solvents, 194

    • process description, 200

    • reboiler, function of, 203–204

    • reduction/oxidation (redox) process, 195–196

    • sales-gas specifications, 185–187

    • screening program for optimum process selection, 198

    • sour gas sweetening and ( See sour gas sweetening)

    • trouble diagnosis, 212–213

    • turbo-expander process, 223–224

    • typical process equipment, 215

    • water dewpoint and hydrocarbon dewpoint control, 218–219

    • water dewpoint depression, 204–206

    • water dewpoint determination, 212

  • gas turbine engines

    • airflow in, 309

    • air inlet system and, 313–314

    • Brayton cycle and, 308

    • combustor types and, 311–312

    • degree of packaging and, 313

    • efficiency for, 310

    • exhaust emissions and, 314–315

    • exhaust heat and, 316

    • exhaust silencer of, 314

    • fuels for, 315–316

    • heavy industrial, 311

    • inlet air filtration and, 313

    • inlet air temperature and, 310

    • inlet silencer and, 314

    • light industrial, 311

    • noise attenuation and, 313

    • oil coolers and, 314

    • pressure drop and, 313

    • as prime movers, 308–316

    • pump drivers and, 258

    • rating point and, 310

    • shaft design and, 312

    • site rating and, 310

    • speed limitations for, 309–310

    • temperature limitations for, 310

    • turbine inlet temperature (TIT) and, 309

    • types of, 310–313

    • types of duty and, 311

  • gas turbine meter

    • advantages and disadvantages, 454

    • ISO standard and, 452

    • K factor and, 454

    • operation theory of, 453–454

    • overview of, 452–453

    • sizing of, 454–455

  • gas velocity, 354

  • gathering pipelines, 317, 364–365

  • gauge hatches, 510

  • general services contract (GSC), 567–568, 581

  • glass wool, 75–76

  • GLYCalc™, 214

  • glycol circulating system, components of, 207–209

    • filters, 208

    • glycol circulating pump, 207–208

    • glycol flash tank, 209

    • glycol piping, 209

    • heat exchange, 208

    • strainer, 208–209

    • surge drum, 208

  • glycol dehydration system, 8,16

  • glycol dehydrators, trouble diagnosis of

    • corrosion, 213

    • foaming, 212–213

    • not meeting water dewpoint, 213

  • glycol purity enhancement methods, 206–207

  • glycol regeneration, 206

  • granular-media filters, 163–164

  • gravity-separation devices, 125–126

    • API separator, 128

    • plate coalescers, 128–131

    • skim piles, 131–132

    • skim tanks and vessels, 126–128

  • gravity settling, 76, 141–142

  • gun-barrel tanks, 90–91

  • guy-wire supported stacks, 427

H

  • hardness leak, 148–149

  • haulage, 145

  • hazards

    • analysis, 398

    • excess temperature and, 396, 398

  • hazardous-area classification, electrical systems

    • International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standards, 477–479

    • North American Standards, 475–477

  • hazard tree, 396–398

  • Hazen-Williams equation, 323, 327

  • head(s)

    • compression and, 267–268

    • losses and pumps, 237

    • pumps hydrostatics and, 233–234

  • heavy industrial gas turbine engines, 311

  • high density polyethylene (HDPE), 518– 519

  • high-velocity AC, 96

  • horizontal-directional-drilling (HDD) methods, 372

  • horizontal emulsion treaters, 93–95

  • hot- and warm-lime softening, 150–153

  • hot potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) (Hot Pot), 191

  • hydrates, 2, 6, 186, 219, 221, 224

  • hydraulic motor, 439

  • hydraulic principles and pumps, 233–240

  • hydraulic turbines and pump drivers, 257–258

  • hydrocarbon dewpoint, 2

  • hydrocarbons (HC), 2

    • reciprocating engines and, 306

    • releases and RP 14C approach, 400–401

  • hydrocarbons separation from water

    • coalescence, 125

    • dispersion, 124–125

    • gravity separation, 124

    • theory, 124

  • hydrocyclones, 6, 13, 113, 135–137, 142, 160, 163, 171

  • hydrodynamics and pumps, 237–240

  • hydrostatics

    • centrifugal pumps considerations and, 233–234

    • positive-displacement pumps considerations and, 234–236

    • pumps and, 233–236

  • hydrostatic testing and pipelines, 387, 389

I

  • IFPEXOL process, 221–222

  • impeller(s)

    • axial loading and centrifugal pumps, 241

    • closed impellers, 240–241

    • with high specific speeds, 242

    • with low specific speeds, 242

    • with median specific speeds, 242

    • multistage centrifugal pumps and, 241

    • open impellers, 240

    • partially open impellers, 240

    • radial loading and centrifugal pumps, 241

    • single-stage centrifugal pumps and, 241

    • types and centrifugal pumps, 240–241

  • indirect-fired heater, 89

  • induction motors, 480–481

  • inlet air filtration system, 313–314

  • inlet cyclones, 19–23

  • inlet separator, function of, 200–202

  • inspection and pipelines, 389

  • instability limit, 96

  • installation guidelines

    • of centrifugal compressors, 279–282

    • centrifugal pumps and, 248–250

    • positive-displacement pumps and, 255–257

    • of reciprocating compressors, 293–295

    • relief systems and, 421

  • instrumentation and controls, gas treating and processing

    • gas flow control, 209

    • lean glycol circulation rate, 209–210

    • liquid level controls, 210–211

    • pressure and temperature indicators, 211

    • reboiler temperature, 210

  • Instrument Soc. of America (ISA), 401

  • insulators, 106, 369

  • integral compressors, 263

    • frame and, 283

  • interconnecting piping, 317

  • intercooling, 270

  • interface-sludge drains, 109

  • intermediate pressure (IP) separator, 4

  • internal-combustion engines, 258

  • internal floating roof tank (IFRT), 508, 513–514

  • internal-gear pumps, 252

  • International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standards, 477–479

  • ion exchange, 147–150

  • isentropic compression, 265–266

  • isentropic efficiency, 268

  • isolation (block) valves, 422–423

  • ISO standards, 450. See also American Petroleum Institute (API) standards

    • coriolis flowmeters and, 457–458

    • gas turbine meter and, 452

    • orifice meters and, 450

    • ultrasonic meters and, 455

J–K

  • joint operating agreement (JOA), 565, 569, 581–583

  • Joule-Thomson expansion, 224–225

  • K-factor, 443, 454

  • kinetic-energy pumps, 231. See also centrifugal pumps

  • knockout drums, 424–425

L

  • LACT. See lease automated custody transfer

  • LACT units, 447

    • considerations, 448–449

    • coriolis meter and, 448

    • positive-displacement meters and, 448

    • sediment and water (S&W) monitors, 448–449

    • turbine meter and, 448

  • laminar flow, 24–25

  • leak detection, 518–520

    • API standards and, 518–519

    • HDPE and, 518–519

    • RPB and, 518–519

  • leaks and hazards, 396, 398

  • lean-burn engines, 306–307

  • lease agreement, 565

  • lease automated custody transfer (LACT) system, 439

  • level controllers and gauges, 112

  • light industrial gas turbine engines, 311

  • liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), 8, 446

  • liquid distribution systems, 107–108

  • liquid knockout, 14

  • liquid leaks control and tanks

    • API standards and, 518–519

    • cathodic protection and external corrosion, 518

    • corrosion protection, coatings, 516–518

    • secondary containment and, 518–520

  • liquid meters

    • coriolis flowmeters, 443–444

    • flow calculations and, 449

    • flowmeter performance and, 445–446

    • flowmeter selection and, 446–447

    • LACT units and, 447–449

    • linearity and, 445

    • metering system design, 444–445

    • positive displacement, 439–441

    • proving and, 447

    • repeatability and, 445

    • resolution and, 445

    • turbine flowmeters, 441–443

    • turndown and, 445

  • liquid velocity, 353

  • load-characteristics tables, 496

  • load torque calculation, 496

  • lobe pumps, 252–253

  • low-shear pumps, 137

M

  • mass (weight) flow, 269

  • mathematical equations

    • Bernoulli equation, 318–320

    • for equivalent lengths, 341

    • for flow coefficient, 336–341

    • Hazen-Williams equation, 323, 327

    • Panhandle equation, 329–330

    • for pipe wall thickness, 341, 343

    • for resistance coefficient, 336–341

    • Spitzglass equation, 330

    • Weymouth equation, 327, 329–330

  • maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP), 10, 406

    • cylinders and, 283

    • relief systems and, 408, 416–417, 424

  • mechanical flow diagrams (MFDs), 568

    • primary elements of, 572

  • mesh, 26–27

  • meter factor, 447

  • metering system design

    • bulk swirl and, 444–445

    • dowel pinning and, 444–445

  • methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), 191

  • mezzanine-mounted installations, 279–280

  • minimum facility platforms (MFPs), 541–542

  • mixed-flow impellers, 242

  • mixing devices, 111–112

  • molecular drums and disposal systems, 426–427

  • monitoring devices. See safety devices

  • monoethanolamine (MEA), 190

  • Moody friction factor, 320–323

  • motor starting, methods of

    • autotransformer starting, 490–491

    • full-voltage starting, 490

    • part-winding starting, 492

    • soft starting, 492

    • wye-delta starting, 491

  • multiphase flow regimes, 331–335

  • multiple-screw pumps, 253

  • multistage centrifugal compressors, 272

  • multistage centrifugal pumps, 241

  • multitube cyclone inline separator, 38–39

  • multitubular cyclone separator, 29–30

N

  • NACE Standard MR0175, 187

  • National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE), 187, 518

  • National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 479–480, 487, 493

  • natural gas, 17

    • dehydration of, 198

  • natural-gas liquids (NGL), 8

  • naturally aspirated engines, 305

  • NEMA MG 127, 496

  • NEMA motor characteristics, 489–490

    • accelerating torque and breakdown torque, 489

    • full-load torque, 489

    • special design motors, 490

    • speed/torque curve, 489

    • standard motor designs, 489

    • starting current and full-load current, 489–490

    • starting torque, 489

  • net positive suction head (NPSH), 238

    • available (NPSHA), 238–239

    • margin, 239

    • required (NPSHR), 238

  • NGL extraction methods, 222–223

  • nondestructive testing and pipelines, 389

  • nonregenerative chemical solvent (scavenger) processes, 196–197

  • North American Standards, 475–477

O

  • offshore flare-support structures, 427–429

  • offshore pipelines

    • construction of, 375–379

    • corrosion prevention of, 380

    • design of, 372–375

    • Splashtron and, 380

  • offshore production operations

    • crude-oil disposal, 556–558

    • gas disposal, 558

    • process equipment, 555–556

    • water disposal, 558

    • well completions, 555

    • well servicing and well workover, 556

  • oil and gas processing, 1–2

    • design safety of, primary and secondary protection, 9–10

    • example oil facility of, 3–6

    • function of facility and, 2–3

    • gas facility and, 6–8

    • process control of, 9

  • oil facility, functions of

    • auxiliary systems, 3

    • main process, 2–3

    • secondary process, 3

  • oil facility, steps of

  • oil treating, 5

    • produced-water treating, 6

    • separation, 3–5

  • oilfield facility, 1–2

  • oil/gas separator

    • advantages and disadvantages of, 18

    • components of, 17–18

    • examples of, 36–39

    • functions of, 13–14

    • general, 13–15

    • internals, 18–30

    • problems ( See oil/gas separator, problems)

    • separation performance, 18

    • separator orientation, 18

    • separator sizing ( See separator sizing)

    • well fluids and characteristics ( See oil/gas separator, well fluids and characteristics)

  • oil/gas separator, problems

    • corrosion, 34

    • foaming, 30–33

    • paraffin, 33

    • sloshing, 34–35

    • solids and salt, 33–34

    • stable control, 35–36

  • oil/gas separator, well fluids and characteristics

    • condensable vapors, 17

    • condensate, 16

    • crude oil, 15–16

    • free gas, 17

    • impurities and extraneous materials, 17

    • natural gas, 17

    • solution gas, 17

    • water, 17

  • oil seller, 5

  • oil-wet solids, 63

  • onshore pipelines, 366

    • construction process in, 371–372

    • corrosion prevention of, 368–370

    • horizontal-directional-drilling (HDD) methods and, 372

    • material selection of, 367

    • permits and special considerations of, 368

    • pipe selection and wall thickness of, 367

    • right-of-way (ROW) and, 367–368

    • route selection and survey of, 367

    • welding and pipe joining of, 370–371

  • open-delta, 468–469

  • open drip-proof (ODP), 498–499

  • open impellers, 240

  • open top tank (OTT), 508–509

  • operational parameters, 104–105

  • orifice meters

    • advantages and disadvantages, 453

    • Daniel Senior Fitting and, 450

    • ISO standard and, 450

  • operational theory of, 451

  • overview of, 450

    • sizing of, 451

    • vena contracta and, 450

  • OTT. See open top tank

  • overpressure

    • hazards and, 396

    • relief systems and, 414–415

  • owner prime, 567

  • oxides of nitrogen (NOx)

    • gas turbine engines and, 315

    • reciprocating engines and, 306–307

  • oxides of sulfur (SOx)

    • gas turbines and, 315

    • reciprocating engines and, 306

  • oxygen scavengers, 166, 176

P

  • Panhandle equation, 329–330

  • parallel plate interceptors (PPI), 128

  • partially open impellers, 240

  • particulate matter (PM) emission

    • gas turbines and, 315

    • reciprocating engines and, 306–307

  • perfect gas equation, 268–269

  • performance

    • of centrifugal pumps and affinity laws, 247

    • characteristic of centrifugal compressors, 278

    • curves of centrifugal pumps, 242–243

    • of flowmeter, 445–446

    • maps and reciprocating compressors, 293

    • of reciprocating compressors, 287–293

    • reciprocating-pump performance considerations, 255

  • physical solvents and gas treating and processing

    • Fluor solvent process, 194

    • Purisol, 194

    • Selexol process, 194

  • pigs and pipelines, 380–383

    • launchers and receivers of, 383–386

    • selection of, 386

    • slug catchers and, 386–387

  • pilot-operated valves, 415–416

  • pipe expansion, 362–363

  • pipe fittings standards and piping and pipeline systems, 358

  • pipelines

    • atmospheric corrosion and, 370

    • cathodic protection system and, 369–370

    • emergency-shutdown (ESD) systems and, 389–390

    • external corrosion and, 369–370

    • galvanic corrosion and, 370

    • gathering, 364–365

    • hydrostatic testing and, 387, 389

    • inspection and, 389

    • internal corrosion and, 368–369

    • nondestructive testing and, 389

    • offshore, 372–380

    • onshore, 366–372

    • pigs and, 380–387

    • supervisory-control-and-data acquisition (SCADA) control system and, 389–390

    • transmission, 365–366

    • welding and, 370–371

  • pipe-support spacing, 363–364

  • pipe wall thickness selection, 341

    • location classes for design and construction, 350–353

    • materials for, 343–345

  • piping codes and, 343–353

  • piping and pipeline systems

    • Bernoulli equation and, 318–320

    • Hazen-Williams equation and, 323, 327

    • Moody friction factor and, 320–323

    • multiphase flow regimes and, 331–335

    • Panhandle equation and, 329–330

    • pipe expansion and, 362–363

    • pipelines and ( See pipelines)

    • pipe-support spacing, 363–364

    • pipe wall thickness selection and ( See pipe wall thickness selection)

    • pressure breaks specification and, 361–362

    • pressure drop by valves and fittings in, 335–341

    • pressure-drop formulas and, 318–335

    • Reynolds number and, 320–323

    • simplified gas formula and, 327, 330

    • Spitzglass equation and, 330

    • valve, fitting, and flange pressure standards for, 355–361

    • velocity considerations and, 353–353

    • Weymouth equation and, 327, 329–330

  • piping codes, 343

    • ANSI/ASME Standard B31.3 code, 345–346

    • ANSI/ASME Standard B31.4 code, 346

    • ANSI/ASME Standard B31.8 code, 346–353 comparison of, 353

  • piping design

    • centrifugal pumps installation and, 249–250

    • positive-displacement pumps installation and, 256

  • piping systems, 177. See also piping and pipeline systems

  • piping vibration of reciprocating compressors, 296

  • piston displacement, 288

    • of double-acting cylinder, 288–289

    • of single-acting cylinder (head-end or crank-end displacement), 288

  • piston pumps, 253

  • plate coalescers, 128–131

  • plunger pumps, 253

  • pneumatic supply systems, 402

  • pollutants. See emission pollutants

  • polyelectrolites, 171–172

  • polytropic compression, 266–267

    • efficiency of, 268

    • head and, 267–268

  • polytropic efficiency, 268

  • positive displacement compressors, 262–263

  • positive displacement (PD) meters

    • design considerations for, 441

    • hydraulic motor and, 439

    • LACT units and, 448

    • operational theory of, 439–441

    • packing gland and, 440

  • positive-displacement pumps, 231

    • anchor-bolt-sleeve installation and, 256

    • considerations and hydrostatics, 234–236

    • grouting and, 256

    • installation guidelines, 255–257

    • metal-shim adjustments and, 256

    • reciprocating-pump performance considerations and, 255

    • reciprocating pumps and, 231, 253–255

    • rotary pumps and, 231, 250–253

    • types of, 250

  • power factor and use of capacitors, 473–475

  • power requirements

    • compressors and, 263, 265, 270

    • pumps and, 239

  • pressure breaks specification, 361–362

  • pressure drop

    • elevation changes and, 335

    • flare stacks design and, 430–431

    • gas turbine engines and, 313

    • in two-phase flow, 332–335

    • by valves and fittings, 335–341

  • pressure drop equations

    • for gas flow, 323, 325, 327–331

    • for liquid flow, 323

  • pressure-relief/safety devices, 360–361

  • pressure-relief valves. See relief valves

  • pressure safety valves (PSV), 9, 214

  • pressure-vacuum (PV), 514

    • valves, 509–510

  • pressurized cooling systems, 297

  • pressurized lubrication system, 297–298

  • prestressed concrete, 543

  • prime contractor, 567

  • prime movers

    • gas turbine engines as, 308–316

    • reciprocating engines as, 301–308

  • process and instrumentation diagram (P&IDs), 568, 582–584

    • rules for developing, 573

  • process flow diagrams (PFDs), 568, 582

    • items specified on, 571

  • procurement and contracting plan, 568

  • produced water, 123

    • treating, 6

  • produced-water discharge or steam injection

    • centrifuges, disc-stack, 137

    • deoiling hydrocyclones, 135–137

    • gas flotation units, 132–135

    • gravity-separation devices, 125–132

    • removing dissolved hydrocarbons from water, 138–141

    • removing dissolved solids from water, 146–154

    • separating free hydrocarbons from water, 124–125

    • separating suspended solids from produced water, 141–144

    • solids handling, 144–146

    • steam production, 154–159

    • walnut-shell filters, 137–138

  • production facility

    • fire/explosion and, 396

    • hazards analysis and, 398

    • hazard sources and, 396, 398

    • hazard tree and, 396–398

    • injury and, 396

    • oil pollution and, 396

    • primary defense and, 398

    • protection concepts and, 395–396

    • protection devices and, 398

  • production-facility safety system, 396

  • production-process safety systems, 401–404

  • production tanks, 505

    • API standards and, 520

    • dikes and, 520

    • site considerations for, 520

  • project execution

    • AFE and initial cost estimate, 582–583

    • choosing a project team, 581–582

    • commissioning and startup, 589–590

    • managing personnel, 587–589

    • monitoring and reporting progress and cost, 586–587

    • partners’ approval, 583–585

    • procurement, 585–586

    • project closeout, 590

    • project initiation, 569–581

    • selecting an engineering company, 582

  • project formats, 567

  • project management of surface facilities

    • authorization for expenditure, 569

    • cost estimate, 568

    • detailed engineering, 568

    • engineer, procure, and construction-management (EPCM), 567

    • engineer procure construct (EPC), 567

    • equipment and task list, 568

    • facility layout, 568

    • general services contract (GSC), 567

    • joint operating agreement (JOA), 565

    • lease agreement, 565

    • mechanical flow diagrams (MFDs), 568

    • owner prime, 567

    • process and instrumentation diagram (P&IDs), 568

    • process flow diagrams (PFDs), 568

    • procurement and contracting plan, 568

    • project formats, 567

    • project schedule, 568

    • purchase order (PO), 567

  • pump(s)

    • centrifugal pumps ( See centrifugal pumps)

    • corrosivity and, 236

    • design for, 232–233

    • drivers, 257–258

    • fluid principles and, 231–233

    • fluids types and, 231

    • hydraulic principles and, 233–240

    • hydrodynamics and, 237–240

    • hydrostatics and, 233–236

    • kinetic-energy pumps, 231

    • mechanical design and, 232–233

    • positive-displacement pumps ( See positive-displacement pumps)

    • power requirements and, 239

    • process design and, 232

    • specific speed, 241–242

    • suction head and, 237–238

    • types of, 231

    • for upstream production operations, 232

    • vendor selection and, 233

  • pump drivers

    • electric motors and, 257

    • expansion turbines and, 257–258

    • gas turbines and, 258

    • hydraulic turbines and, 257–258

    • internal-combustion engines and, 258

    • steam turbines and, 257

  • purchase order (PO), 567

  • purge gas and flare stacks, 434

  • purge valves, 281–282

  • Purisol, 194

R

  • radioactive tracers, 410

  • radial combustor, 312

  • radial-flow impellers, 242

  • rapid cycling, 422

  • reboilers

    • function of, 203–204

    • temperature, 210

  • reciprocating compressors, 262–263

    • bearings and, 286

    • clearance volume of, 289–291

    • components in, 282–287

    • compressor capacity of, 287–288

    • concentric ring valves and, 287

    • connecting rod and, 285

    • cooling systems for, 297

    • crankshaft and, 285–286

    • cylinder and packing lubrication for, 298

    • cylinder cooling of, 296–297

    • cylinders and, 283–284

    • distance piece and, 284–285

    • foundation design of, 296

    • frame of, 283

    • installation of, 293–295

    • lubrication systems for, 297–298

    • performance maps and, 293

    • performance of, 287–293

    • of piping vibration, 296

    • piston displacement of, 288–289

    • piston rod and, 285

    • piston rod packing in, 286

    • pistons and, 285–286

    • plate valves, 286–287

    • poppet-style valves and, 287

    • pressurized lubrication system for, 297–298

    • pulsations and, 295–296

    • rod loads of, 292–293

    • specific heat ratio and performance of, 293

    • speed and performance of, 293

    • splash lubrication systems for, 297

    • suction pressure and performance of, 293

    • suction temperature and performance of, 293

    • valves in, 286–287

    • vibration considerations of, 296

    • volumetric efficiency of, 287–288, 291–292

  • reciprocating engines

    • catalyst reduction and, 306

    • diesel cycle, 303–305

    • exhaust emissions and, 305–307

    • four-stroke cycle, 303

    • fuels for, 308

    • interchangeability and, 307–308

    • naturally aspirated, 305

    • as prime movers, 301–308

    • turbocharged, 305

    • two-stroke cycle, 301–303

  • reciprocating pumps, 231

    • capacity and, 255

    • diaphragm pumps and, 253–255

    • performance considerations and, 255

    • piston pumps and, 253

    • plunger pumps and, 253

    • speed and, 255

  • recuperative cycle, 310

  • reduced-voltage autotransformer (RVAT), 490–491

  • reduction/oxidation (redox) process, 195–196

  • refrigeration process in gas plants, 219

  • reid vapor pressure, 2

  • reinjection compressors, 261–262

  • reject valve, 169

  • release prevention barrier (RPB), 518–519

  • relief valves, 415

    • blocked discharge and, 418

    • centrifugal compressors and, 281

    • configurations, 423–424

    • dual, 417

    • gas blowby and, 418–419

    • multiple, 417–418

    • pilot-operated, 415–416

    • reactive forces and, 422

    • and reciprocating compressors, 295

    • spring-loaded, 415

  • relief valves and relief systems, 408–412

    • backpressure and, 417

    • considerations for, 415–418

    • discharge piping and, 421–422

    • fire/thermal expansion and, 420–421

    • inlet piping and, 421

    • installation and, 421

    • isolation (block) valves and, 422–423

    • liquid-discharge considerations and, 424

    • rapid cycling and, 422

    • relief-valve configurations and, 423–424

    • relief valves and, 415

    • resonant chatter and, 422

    • rupture-disk devices and, 415

    • selection of, 412–415

    • sizing of, 418–421

    • tailpipes considerations and, 422

  • remote flares, 428–429

  • resonant chatter, 422

  • reverse osmosis (RO), 146–147

  • Reynolds number, 24–25, 141, 320–323

  • rich-burn engines, 306–307

  • right-of-way (ROW) and onshore pipelines, 367–368

  • riveted, bolted, and shop-welded tanks, 505–507

    • API standards and, 506–507

  • RO. See reverse osmosis

  • roof-to-shell joint, 512

  • rotary positive displacement compressors, 263

  • rotary pumps, 231, 250

    • external gear and, 251

    • flexible vane design and, 250–251

    • internal-gear pumps and, 252

    • lobe pumps and, 252–253

    • screw pumps and, 253

    • sliding-vane design and, 250

  • rotor, 479

    • rotation, 481–484

S

  • safety analysis and RP 14C

    • production-facility, 407–408

    • safety analysis checklists (SAC) and, 406

    • safety-analysis function-evaluation charts (SAFE) and, 406–407

    • safety analysis tables (SAT) and, 406

    • safety devices and, 401

    • surface safety systems (SSS) and, 401

    • undesirable events and, 405–406

  • safety devices

    • of centrifugal compressors, 282

    • RP 14C and, 401

  • safety grounding floats, 108

  • sales pipelines. See gathering pipelines

  • salt analysis by conductivity, 81

  • sand filters, 163

  • sand pan, 110–111

  • screw compressors, 263

  • screw-down actuator, 497–499

  • screw pumps, 253

  • seal drums and disposal systems, 425–426

  • Selexol process, 194

  • self-priming pumps, 247–248

  • self-supported stacks, 427

  • separable compressors, 262–263

    • frame and, 283

  • separator sizing, 39

    • demister sizing, 45–47

    • examples of, 49–56

    • nozzle sizing, 49

    • retention time, 44–45

    • seam-to-seam length, 47–49

    • settling theory, 39–44

  • settling tanks, 85–91

  • settling theory of separator sizing

    • drop/bubble sizes, 43–44

    • horizontal separators, 39–41

    • vertical vessels, 41–43

  • shutdown valves and centrifugal compressors, 281

  • shut-in, 395–396

  • silica gel, 215

  • single-acting compressor cylinders

    • clearance volume of, 289–290

    • piston displacement of, 288

    • rod loads of, 292–293

  • single hot AC, 96

  • single-phase motor, 486

  • single-screw pumps, 253

  • single-stage centrifugal compressors, 272

  • single-stage centrifugal pumps, 241

  • single-stage desalter, 79

  • skim-pile flow pattern, 132

  • skim piles, 131–132

  • skim tanks and vessels, 126–128

  • sliding-vane design, 250

  • slip, 250, 255, 483

  • slug catchers and pipeline pigs, 386–387

  • solid/liquid hydrocyclones, 160–161, 163

  • solids-removal systems, 109–111

  • solution gas, 17

  • sour gas, 7, 187

  • sour gas sweetening

    • computer simulation of, 191

    • CO 2 removal, 187

    • diethanolamine (DEA), 191

    • diglycolamine (DGA), 190

    • diisopropanolamine (DIPA), 191

    • hot potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) (Hot Pot), 191

    • methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), 191

    • monoethanolamine (MEA), 190

    • operating problems, 192–194

    • overview of, 187–188

    • process equipment for sweetening sour gas with a regenerative solvent, 188–189

    • proprietary amine solvent formulations, 191

    • regenerative chemical solvents, 189–190

    • solution circulation rate estimation, 191–192

    • sour gas, definition of, 187

    • sulfur compounds, 187

    • sweetening solvents, 189

    • triethanolamine (TEA), 191

  • spar concept. See deep draught caisson vessel

  • speed

    • reciprocating compressor performance and, 293

    • reciprocating pumps and, 255

  • Spitzglass equation, 330

  • splash lubrication systems, 297

  • Splashtron and offshore pipeline, 380

  • spring-loaded-relief-valves, 415

  • squirrel-cage rotor, 480–482

  • standards, for piping and pipeline systems

    • bolting materials and, 357

    • branch connections and, 359

    • control valves and pressure-relief/safety devices and, 360–361

    • corrosion protection, 368

    • flanges, 356–357

    • gasket materials and, 357

    • minimum wall thickness and, 358–359

    • pipe fittings and, 358

    • pressure ratings, 355–356

    • valves, 359–360

  • standard volume flow, 269

  • stator, 479–480

    • -coil arrangement, 480

  • steamflood, 123, 154

  • steam injectors, 158–159

  • steam production

    • quality of water for, 155–156

    • steam generators, 156–158

    • water-treating processes for, 154–155

  • stirred autoclave test, 174

  • Stokes’ law, 76, 124, 141

  • stonewall (choke) limit, 279

  • storage tanks, 84–85

    • appurtenances, 516

    • batteries maintenance, 522

    • battery connections and operations, 520–522

    • breathing, 510

    • controlling liquid leaks and, 516–520

    • current storage options and, 508–509

    • field-welded, 507–508

    • filling/pumping operations and, 511

    • fire exposure and, 512

    • floating-roof, 513–516

    • gas blanketing systems, 511–512

    • gauge hatches and, 510

    • hydrogen sulfide crude storage, 522

    • net-working capacity and, 514–515

    • pressure-vacuum valves and, 509–510

    • production, 505

    • product vapor control and, 515–516

    • riveted, bolted, and shop-welded, 505–507

    • site considerations, 520

    • types of, 505–508

    • vent system design and, 512– 513

  • structural integrity management (SIM) process, 541

  • subsea completions, 548

  • subsea systems, 533–534, 551–553

  • subsystems, emulsions

    • electrodes, 106–107

    • instrumentation and safety systems, 108–109

    • insulators, 106

    • level controllers and gauges, 112

    • liquid distribution systems, 107–108

    • mixing devices, 111–112

    • power supplies, 105–106

    • solids-removal systems, 109–111

    • water-in-oil detectors, 112

  • suction lift, 235

  • suction piping

    • centrifugal pump installation and, 249

    • positive-displacement pump installation and, 256

  • suction pressure, 293

  • suction scrubbers

    • centrifugal compressors and, 282

    • and reciprocating compressors, 294–295

  • suction temperature, 293

  • Sulferox process for gas treating and processing, 195

  • Sulfinol process for gas treating and processing, 194–195

  • supervisory-control-and-data acquisition (SCADA) control system, 389–390

  • supporting structures, historical review, 525–533

  • surface safety systems (SSS), 401

  • surface water, 123

  • surface-water treatment for injection, 159–160

    • biological control, 168

    • dissolved-gas removal (oxygen), 165–168

    • separating suspended solids from injection water, 160–165

    • sulfate removal, 168–170

  • surfactants, 176–177

  • surge limit

    • of centrifugal compressors, 278–279

    • of variable speed compressors, 281

  • sweetening, 7, 187–189, 191, 197–198

  • synchronous motors, 484–485

  • system grounding, 470

  • system head curves

    • and centrifugal pumps, 243–244

    • flow rate regulation and, 244

T

  • tank appurtenances, 516

  • tank battery

    • connections and operations, 520–521

    • for hydrogen sulfide crude storage, 522

    • maintenance of, 522

  • tank breathing, 510–511

  • tension leg platforms (TLP), 34–35, 530–531, 544–546, 548–551

  • theoretical lift and pumps, 234–235

  • thermal-stability test, 172

  • thermosiphons, 297

  • three-phase motor, 486

  • total dynamic head (TDH), 237

    • calculation, 238

  • totally enclosed, fan-cooled (TEFC), 499, 501

  • totally enclosed nonventilated (TENV), 499

  • transformers for AC treating, 97

  • transmission pipelines, 318, 365–366

  • treating emulsions from enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects, 112–113

  • triethylene glycol, 8, 200, 205

  • triple hot AC, 96

  • true vapor pressure. See bubblepoint

  • truss spar, 547

  • turbine flowmeters, 441

    • aeronautical applications and, 442

    • API standards and, 442

    • K-factor of, 443

    • LACT units and, 448

    • operational theory of, 442–443

  • turbocharged engines, 305

  • turbo-expander process, 223–224

  • turndown and flowmeter, 445–446

  • turnkey, 567

  • two-phase flow and pressure drop, 332–335

  • two-phase separator, 34

  • two review rule, 581

  • two-stroke cycle engines, 301–303

U

  • ultrasonic meters (USM)

    • advantages and disadvantages, 456–457

    • ISO standard and, 455

    • operational theory of, 456

    • overview of, 455–456

    • sizing of, 456–457

  • unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) and gas turbine engines, 315

  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), 368

V

  • vacuum deaeration, 167

  • valves. See also specific valves

    • standards and piping and pipeline systems, 359–360

  • valves and fittings

    • equivalent lengths of, 341

    • flow coefficients of, 336–341

    • pressure drop by, 335–341

    • resistance coefficients of, 336

  • vane compressors, 263

  • vane inlet, 23–24

  • vane-type mist extractors, 27–28

  • vapor pressure, of liquid pumps and, 236

  • vapor recovery compressors, 262

  • variable frequency drives (VFD), 493–494

  • velocity

    • in gas lines, 354

    • in liquid lines, 353

    • in multiphase systems, 354–355

  • velocity head, 237

  • vena contracta, 450

  • vendor selection and pump design, 233

  • vent stacks, 435–436

  • vent system design

    • API standards and, 512–513

    • FRT and, 512

    • gas blanketing system and, 512

    • vent piping and, 512

  • vertical emulsion treaters, 91–93

  • vessel fabrication, 177–178

  • voltage drop in electrical systems, 471–472

    • motor-starting voltage drop (off a generator), 472–473

    • motor-starting voltage drop (off a transformer), 472

  • vortex-induced vibrations (VIV), 545

W

  • water

    • calcification, 113, 171–172

    • flood, 123

    • jets, 110

    • leg, 87

    • recycle and emulsions, 74–75

    • softening, 147

  • washing and emulsion treatment, 74–75

  • water dewpoint

    • depression, 204–206

    • determination, 212

  • water-in-oil detectors, 112

  • water-treating chemicals, 170–171

    • antifoam, 176–177

    • bacteria control, 175–176

    • biocide testing, 176

    • chemical effect mechanisms, 173

    • chemical types, 172

    • corrosion protection, 173–175

    • oxygen scavenger, 176

    • scale inhibition, 172

    • selection methods, 172–173

    • surfactants, 176–177

    • water clarification (flocculants), 171–172

  • water-treating equipment, material selection for

    • erosion protection, materials for, 178–179

    • material produced-water systems, 177

    • normal service materials, 177–178

    • seawater systems, materials for, 179

    • severe service environments, materials for, 178

    • steam systems, materials for, 180

  • water-treating processes for steam production, 154–155

  • wax precipitation, 81

  • welding and pipelines, 370–371

  • well flowline, 317

  • Weymouth equation, 327, 329–330

  • wheel test, 173–174

  • working capacity, 507

    • of floating-roof tank, 514–515

  • wrist pin bearings, 286

  • wye-delta, 466–477

Contents

Data & Figures

References

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