A

• above-NEMA motors

  • altitude and ambient temperature for, 500

  • enclosures for ( See above-NEMA motors, enclosures for)

  • sizes of, 500

  • torque and, 500

• above-NEMA motors, enclosures for

  • horizontal drip-proof weather-protected type I, 501

  • horizontal drip-proof weather-protected type II, 501

  • OPD, 501

  • TEFC for above-NEMA motors, 501

  • totally enclosed, air-to-air cooled (TEAAC), 501

  • totally enclosed, fan-cooled, explosion-proof, 501

  • totally enclosed, water-to-air cooled (TEWAC), 501

• acceleration head and pumps, 237

• AC/DC coalescer, 99–100

• AC/DC dehydrator, 99

• acid gases, 187

• AC motor drives

  • constant horsepower load and, 494–495

  • constant torque load and, 494

  • distance between drive and motor, 496

  • motor selection, 496

  • reduced voltage and frequency starting, 495–496

  • service factor on AC drives, 496

  • volts per hertz ratio, 493–494

• AC motors to load, matching

  • centrifugal pump, 496–497

  • load-characteristics tables, 496

  • load torque calculation, 496

  • screw-down actuator, 497–498

• AC treaters, 96

• adiabatic compression. See isentropic compression

• adiabatic efficiency. See isentropic efficiency

• agitation, 71

• air-cooled systems, 297

• aircraft turbine engines, 311

• air/fuel ratio control, 306

• air properties and hydrostatics, 233

• aldehydes (CHO) pollutants, 306

• alternating-current (AC) field, 73–74

• alternating-current (AC) motors, 479–480

  • induction motors, 480–481

  • rotor rotation, 481–484

  • synchronous motors, 484–485

• American Petroleum Institute (API) RP2A, 539–540

• American Petroleum Institute (API) standards, 262, 265, 439, 442, 510

  • for distance piece, 284

  • field-welded storage tanks and, 508

  • floating-roof tanks and, 513, 515–516

  • shop-welded tanks and, 506–507

  • tank leak detection and, 518–519

  • vent system design and, 512–513

• American Petroleum Institute’s (API’s) Recommended Practice (RP) 14C approach, 398

  • abnormal operating conditions and, 400

  • blowdown/vent system and, 402–403

  • effects of hydrocarbon releases and, 400–401

  • emergency suport systems (ESS) and, 401

  • ignition-prevention measures and, 405

  • normal operating ranges and, 399–400

  • pneumatic supply system and, 402

  • process components and, 399

  • process variables and, 399

  • production-facility safety analysis and, 407–408

  • production-process safety systems and, 401–404

  • safety analysis and, 406–407

  • safety analysis checklists (SAC) and, 406

• annular combustor. See radial combustor

• ANSI/ASME Standard B31.3 code, 343, 345–346, 353

• ANSI/ASME Standard B31.4 code, 343, 346, 353

• ANSI/ASME Standard B31.8 code, 343, 346–353

• antifoams, 176–177

• antisurge valves, 281

• API RP 500, 477

• API RP 14C, 16, 113

• API separator, 128

• Arctic, environmental conditions in, 558–559

• AST. See atmospheric storage tank

• atmospheric corrosion and pipelines, 370

• atmospheric storage tank (AST), 508

• Authorization for expenditure (AFE), 569, 582–587, 590

  • initial project cost estimate and, 582–583

• axial flow cyclones, 29

• axial-flow impellers, 242

B

• backpressure valves, 245

• ballistic model, 39

• basic sediment and water (BS&W), 2

• bearings and reciprocating compressors, 286

• Bernoulli’s equation, 237, 318–320

• best-efficiency point (BEP), 241

• biocide testing, 176

  • bacteriostatic test, 176

  • planktonic time kill test, 176

  • sessile bacteria time kill test, 176

• blowdown valves

  • centrifugal compressors and, 281

  • and reciprocating compressors, 294

• bolting materials standards and pipeline systems, 357

• booster compressors, 262

• branch connections standards and pipeline systems, 359

• bridge-supported flares, 428

• BS&W measurements, 81

• bubblepoint, 2

• burners and fire tubes, 113–114

• burn pits and flare stacks, 434

C

• can combustors, 312

• capacity

  • control and centrifugal compressors, 280–281

  • reciprocating compressor and, 287–288

  • reciprocating pumps and, 255

• carbon filters, 208

• carbon monoxide (CO)

  • gas turbine engines and, 315

  • reciprocating engines and, 306–307

• cartridge filters, 164–165

• casinghead compressors, 262

• centrifugal compressors, 261, 263–265

  • antisurge valves and, 281

  • blowdown valves of, 281

  • capacity control and, 280–281

  • components of, 272–278

  • discharge check valves of, 281

  • discharge coolers and, 282

  • flare valves of, 281

  • installation processes of, 279–282

  • maintenance of, 282

  • mezzanine-mounted installations of, 279–280

  • multistage, 272

  • performance characteristic of, 278

  • purge valves of, 281–282

  • relief valves of, 281

  • safety and monitoring devices of, 282

  • shutdown valves of, 281

  • single-stage, 272

  • speed control and, 280

  • stonewall (choke) limit of, 279

  • suction scrubbers and, 282

  • suction throttle valves and, 280

  • surge limit of, 278–279

  • variable inlet guide vanes and, 280–281

  • vent valves and, 282

  • vibration monitoring and, 282

• centrifugal pumps, 231, 496–497

  • affinity laws and performance of, 247

  • backpressure valves and, 245

  • check valves and, 249–250

  • classifications, 240

  • considerations and hydrostatics, 233–234

  • flow rate regulation and, 244

  • impeller axial loading and, 241

  • impeller radial loading and, 241

  • impeller types and, 240–241

  • installation considerations, 248–250

  • minimum-flow recirculation valve and, 245

  • multistage, 241

  • number of impeller and, 241

  • parallel operation of, 241–242

  • pump-performance curves and, 242–243

  • pump priming and, 247–248

  • pump specific speed and, 241–242

  • series operation of, 242

  • single-stage, 241

  • speed change and, 245–246

  • system head curve and, 243–244

  • variable-speed control and, 246–247

• centrifugation, 77

• centrifuges, 137, 144

• chemical demulsifiers, 68–69

• chemical effect mechanisms

  • crystal modifiers, 173

  • dispersion, 173

  • sequestering, 173

  • threshold effects, 173

• chlorine, 175–176

• clearance volume, 289

  • double-acting cylinder (head-end and crank-end clearance), 291

  • of single-acting cylinder (crank-end clearance), 290

  • of single-acting cylinder (head-end clearance), 289

• closed floating-roof tank (CFRT), 508

• closed impellers, 240–241

• coalescense, 125

• coalescers, 30

• coalescing plates, 71–72

• coarse strainers, 161–163

• commissioning, 589–590

• compact deoxygenation, 167–168

• compliant and floating systems

  • compliant towers, 544

  • deep-draft floaters, 546–548

  • floating production systems, 548–551

  • tension leg platforms, 544–546

  • wet vs. dry trees, 548

• composite plate electrodes, 107

• compressibility factor, 268–269

• compression ratio, 270

• compression theory

  • actual (inlet) volume flow and, 269–270

  • compressibility factor and, 268–269

  • compression stages and, 271–272

  • head and, 267–268

  • intercooling and, 270

  • isentropic compression, 265–266

  • isentropic efficiency and, 268

  • mass (weight) flow and, 269

  • polytropic compression, 266–267

  • polytropic efficiency and, 268

  • standard volume flow and, 269

• compressors

  • booster, 262

  • capacity (flow) of, 269–270

  • casinghead, 262

  • centrifugal ( See centrifugal compressors)

  • classification and types, 262–265

  • dynamic compressors, 262

  • flash gas, 261

  • gas lift, 261

  • integral, 263

  • positive displacement compressors, 262–263

  • power requirements and, 270

  • reciprocating, 262–263

  • reinjection, 261–262

  • rotary positive displacement compressors, 263

  • screw, 263

  • selection of, 270–271

  • separable, 262–263

  • vane, 263

  • vapor recovery, 262

• concentric ring valves, 287

• condensable vapors, 17

• copper-ion displacement test, 174

• CO ₂ removal, membrane processing for, 225–227

• coriolis flowmeters, 457

  • advantages and disadvantages, 459

  • CPU and, 443

  • flow velocity and, 443

  • ISO standard and, 457–458

  • LACT units and, 448

  • operational theory of, 443, 459

  • overview of, 458–459

  • sensor considerations and, 443

  • sizing of, 459

  • transmitter considerations and, 443–444

• corrosion, 173

  • coupons, 175

  • protection, 173–175 ( See also corrosion prevention)

• corrosion, emulsion-treating equipment

  • cathodic protection, 114

  • corrosion inhibitors, 114

  • exclusion of oxygen, 114

  • internal coating, 115

  • metallurgy, 115

• corrosion prevention

  • of offshore pipelines, 380

  • of onshore pipelines, 368–370

  • Splashtron and, 380

• corrosivity and pumps, 236

• counterflow-desalter, 105

• crank pin bearings, 286

• crude oil, 2, 15–16

  • viscosity/temperature relationships for, 67

• crude-oil emulsions, economics of treating, 115–117

• crude-oil emulsions, sampling and analyzing, 64

  • coalescence (flocculation), 65

  • destabilization (coagulation), 65

  • gravity separation (sedimentation), 65

• cylinder(s)

  • cooling, 296–297

  • piston displacement and, 288–289

  • reciprocating compressors and, 283–284

D

• deep draught caisson vessel (DDCV), 531

• deepwater and ultradeepwater developments, future technology, 562–563

• dehydration of natural gas, 198

• deliquescing, 217

  • desiccants, 215

• delta-delta connection, 467–468

• delta-wye connection, 468

• demineralization, 147, 150

• demisters, 26

• demisting cyclones, types of, 29

• demulsifier, 70

• deoilers, 135

• depressurization, stages of, 13–14

• derating factors

  • altitude and temperature, 493

  • frequency, 492–493

  • voltage variation, 492

• derrick-supported flares, 428

• derrick-supported stacks, 427

• desalting

  • analytical methods, 81–82

  • dilution water, 78–79

  • effluent-water quality, 80

  • mixing efficiency, 78

  • water recycle, 79–80

  • water solubility in crude oil, 80–81

• desanders, 142

• desanding hydrocyclones, 142–144

• desiccant dehydration process, 216

  • dry, 214–215

• design

  • elevated flare stacks, 427

  • of flare and vent disposal systems, 424

  • flare stacks, 429–436

  • flow rate, 232

  • for piping and pipeline systems, 318–335

  • pressure, 10

  • for pumps, 232–233

  • vent stacks, 435–436

• detailed engineering, 568

• diaphragm pumps, 253–255

• diesel engines, 303–305

• diethanolamine (DEA), 191

• diglycolamine (DGA), 190

• diisopropanolamine (DIPA), 191

• dikes, 520

• dipolar attractive force, 95

• direct current (DC) field, 73

• discharge check valves, 281

• discharge coolers, 282

• discharge head, 238

• discharge piping

  • centrifugal pump installation and, 249–250

  • positive-displacement pump installation and, 256

  • relief systems and, 421–422

• discharge pressure and reciprocating compressor performance, 293

• dispersed-gas units, 133–135

• dissolved gases, 236

• dissolved-gas units, 133

• distance piece, 284–285

• distillation, 77–78

• distribution transformers, 466

• double-acting compressor cylinders

  • clearance volume of, 291

  • piston displacement of, 288–289

  • rod loads of, 293

• double hot AC, 96

• droplet settling theory, 39

• dry sweetening processes, 197

• dynamic compressors, 262. See also centrifugal compressors

  • polytropic compression and, 266–267

• dynamic scale-inhibition test, 173

E

• eccentric reducers, 249

• electrical-distribution systems

  • primary distribution system and voltages, 465–466

  • secondary electrical system, 466–469

• electrical grounding, 469–471

• electrical probes, 173, 175

• electrical systems

  • above-NEMA motors ( See above-NEMA motors)

  • AC motor drives ( See AC motor drives)

  • alternating-current (AC) motors ( See alternating-current (AC) motors)

  • derating factors ( See derating factors)

  • electrical codes and standards, 461

  • electrical-distribution systems ( See electrical-distribution systems)

  • electrical grounding, 469–471

  • enclosures ( See electrical systems, enclosures)

  • hazardous-area classification ( See hazardous-area classification, electrical systems)

  • matching AC motors to load ( See AC motors to load, matching)

  • motor specifications, 485–489

  • motor starting, methods of ( See motor starting, methods of)

  • mounting, NEMA dimensions, 500

  • NEMA motor characteristics, 489–490

  • power factor and use of capacitors, 473–475

  • power sources, 461–463

  • power supply, sizing and selection of, 463–465

  • voltage drop in ( See voltage drop in electrical systems)

• electrical systems, enclosures

  • explosion-proof (XP), 499

  • open drip-proof (ODP), 498–499

  • totally enclosed, fan-cooled (TEFC), 499

  • totally enclosed nonventilated (TENV), 499

• electric motors. See also electrical systems

  • pump drivers and, 257

• electrified oil field, 466

• electrodes, 106–107

• electrostatic coalescence, 72–74, 107

• electrostatic coalescing treaters, 95–104

• elevated flare stacks, 427

• elevation head and pumps, 237

• emergency-shutdown (ESD) systems, 389–390

• emergency suport systems (ESS), 401. See also emergency-shutdown systems

• emission pollutants

  • gas turbines and, 314–315

  • reciprocating engines and, 305–307

• emulsifying agents, 63

• emulsion(s)

  • definition of, 62

  • effect of, on fluid viscosity, 64

  • emulsifying agents, 63

  • external phase, 62

  • filtering and, 75

  • formation of crude, 62–63

  • prevention of, 63

  • sampling and analyzing, 64–65

  • stability of, 63–64

• emulsion(s), operational consideration of

  • burners and fire tubes, 113–114

  • corrosion, 114–115

  • treating emulsions from enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects, 112–113

  • water calcification, 113

• emulsion-heating equipment, 109

• emulsion-treating equipment, 82–83

• electrostatic coalescing treaters, 95–104

  • FWKOs, 83–84

  • horizontal emulsion treaters, 93–95

  • operational parameters, 104–105

  • settling tanks, 85–91

  • storage tanks, 84–85

  • vertical emulsion treaters, 91–93

• emulsion-treating methods, 65

  • agitation, 71

  • centrifugation, 77

  • chemical demulsifiers, 68–71

  • coalescing plates, 71–72

  • distillation, 77–78

  • electrostatic coalescence, 72–74

  • fibrous packing, 75–76

  • filtering, 75

  • gravity settling, 76

  • heating, 66–68

  • retention time, 76–77

  • water recycle, 74–75

  • water washing, 74–75

• emulsion-treating vessels, 74–75

• Endolock™ system, 519

• engineer, procure, and construction-management (EPCM), 567, 581–582

• engineer procure construct (EPC), 567

• engine fuels

  • for gas turbine engines, 315–316

  • for reciprocating engines, 308

• entrainment removal, mechanisms of, 26

• epoxy-based paint system, 517

• equations, mathematical

  • Bernoulli equation, 318–320

  • for equivalent lengths, 341

  • for flow coefficient, 336–341

  • Hazen-Williams equation, 323, 327

  • Panhandle equation, 329–330

  • for pipe wall thickness, 341, 343

  • for resistance coefficient, 336–341

  • Spitzglass equation, 330

  • Weymouth equation, 327, 329–330

• equipment grounding, 470

• erosional velocity, and pipes, 354

• exhaust emissions

  • air/fuel ratio control and, 306

  • catalyst reduction for control, 306

  • gas turbine engines and, 314–315

  • lean-burn engines and, 306–307

  • reciprocating engines and, 305–307

  • rich-burn engines and, 306–307

• exhaust silencers, 314

• expansion turbines, 257–258

• expansion vessels, 14

• explosion-proof (XP), 499

• external corrosion and pipelines, 369–370

• external floating-roof tank (EFRT), 508

• external-gear pumps, 251

F

• ferric sulfate, 171–172

• fiber-bed

  • filter cartridges, 32

  • mist eliminators, 30

• fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), 507

• fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP), 179

• fibrous packing, 75–76

• field-welded storage tanks, 507–508

  • API standards and, 508

• film-forming inhibitors, 173

• filters, 15

  • coalescence, 31

• fire tubes

  • burners and, 113–114

  • and hazards, 396

• fixed-roof tank (FRT), 508–509

  • vent system design and, 512

• fixed steel and concrete gravity base structures, 534–544

• flanges, 356–357

• flare and vent disposal systems

  • design of, 424

  • flame arrestors and, 427

  • flare stacks and, 427–436

  • flashback protection and, 425

  • fluidic seals and, 427

  • knockout drums in, 424–425

  • molecular drums in, 426–427

  • seal drums in, 425–426

• flare stacks

  • burn pits and, 434

  • design of, 429–436

  • elevated, 427

  • exit gas velocity and, 429–430

  • flame distortion and, 433

  • flare-tip diameter and, 429–430

  • gas dispersion limitations and, 433

  • height, 431–433

  • offshore flare-support structures and, 427–429

  • pressure drops and, 430–431

  • purge gas and, 434

  • radiation considerations and, 433

• flare valves and centrifugal compressors, 281

• flash chamber, 14

• flash gas compressors, 261

• floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO)

  • systems, 35, 528–533, 548–550

  • vessels, 34

• floating production system (FPS), 529–532, 548–549

• floating-roof tanks

  • API standards and, 513, 515–514

  • CFRT, 514, 516

  • IFRT, 513–514, 516

  • net-working capacity and, 514–515

  • product loss management and safety considerations for, 513–514

  • product vapor control with, 515–514

  • PV and, 514

  • tank appurtenances and, 516

• flow assurance, 554–555

• flow capacity. See capacity

• flowmeters. See liquid meters

• fluid principles and hydraulics

  • fluids types and, 231

  • pumping-system design and, 232–233

  • pump types and, 231

• foaming oil, 30–31

• foundation design

  • centrifugal pumps installation and, 248–249

  • positive-displacement pumps installation and, 256

  • of reciprocating compressors, 296

• four-stroke cycle engines, 303

• free gas, 17

• free-water knockout (FWKO), 83–85

  • vessel, 68

• FRP. See fiberglass reinforced plastic; fiber-reinforced plastic

• FRT. See fixed-roof tank

G

• gas blanketing system

  • natural gas and, 511

  • pressure regulator and, 511

  • vent system design and, 512

• gas blowby, 418–419

• gas facility, blocks of

  • compression, 8

  • cooling, 6–7

  • gas dehydration, 7–8

  • gas processing, 8

  • gas treating, 7

  • heating, 6

  • separation, 6

  • stabilization, 8

• gas flotation units, 132–133

  • dispersed-gas units, 133–135

  • dissolved-gas units, 133

• gasket materials standards and pipeline systems, 357

• gas lift compressors, 261

• gas meters, 449

  • coriolis, 457–459

  • orifice, 450–452

  • turbine, 452–455

  • ultrasonic, 455–457

• gas plants

  • processes, 186

  • refrigeration process in, 219

• gas scrubber, 15

• gas stripping, 166–167

• gas treating and processing

  • contactor design considerations, 211–212

  • contactor or absorber, function of, 202–203

  • dehydration of natural gas, 198

  • dehydration with deliquescing desiccants, 215–218

  • dehydration with glycol, 198–200

  • dewpoint control by refrigeration, 219–221

  • dry desiccant dehydration, 214–215

  • dry sweetening processes, 197–198

  • environmental concerns, 213

  • glycol circulating system, components of, 207–209

  • glycol dehydrator BTEX and VOC emission control, 213–214

  • glycol purity enhancement methods, 206–207

  • glycol regeneration, 206

  • hybrid process, 194–195

  • IFPEXOL process, 221–222

  • inlet separator, function of, 200–202

  • instrumentation and controls, 209–211

  • Joule-Thomson expansion, 224–225

  • membrane processing for CO ₂ removal, 225–227

  • NGL extraction methods, 222–223

  • nonregenerative chemical solvent (scavenger) processes, 196–197

  • objectives, 185

  • operation checklist, normal, 212

  • physical solvents, 194

  • process description, 200

  • reboiler, function of, 203–204

  • reduction/oxidation (redox) process, 195–196

  • sales-gas specifications, 185–187

  • screening program for optimum process selection, 198

  • sour gas sweetening and ( See sour gas sweetening)

  • trouble diagnosis, 212–213

  • turbo-expander process, 223–224

  • typical process equipment, 215

  • water dewpoint and hydrocarbon dewpoint control, 218–219

  • water dewpoint depression, 204–206

  • water dewpoint determination, 212

• gas turbine engines

  • airflow in, 309

  • air inlet system and, 313–314

  • Brayton cycle and, 308

  • combustor types and, 311–312

  • degree of packaging and, 313

  • efficiency for, 310

  • exhaust emissions and, 314–315

  • exhaust heat and, 316

  • exhaust silencer of, 314

  • fuels for, 315–316

  • heavy industrial, 311

  • inlet air filtration and, 313

  • inlet air temperature and, 310

  • inlet silencer and, 314

  • light industrial, 311

  • noise attenuation and, 313

  • oil coolers and, 314

  • pressure drop and, 313

  • as prime movers, 308–316

  • pump drivers and, 258

  • rating point and, 310

  • shaft design and, 312

  • site rating and, 310

  • speed limitations for, 309–310

  • temperature limitations for, 310

  • turbine inlet temperature (TIT) and, 309

  • types of, 310–313

  • types of duty and, 311

• gas turbine meter

  • advantages and disadvantages, 454

  • ISO standard and, 452

  • K factor and, 454

  • operation theory of, 453–454

  • overview of, 452–453

  • sizing of, 454–455

• gas velocity, 354

• gathering pipelines, 317, 364–365

• gauge hatches, 510

• general services contract (GSC), 567–568, 581

• glass wool, 75–76

• GLYCalc™, 214

• glycol circulating system, components of, 207–209

  • filters, 208

  • glycol circulating pump, 207–208

  • glycol flash tank, 209

  • glycol piping, 209

  • heat exchange, 208

  • strainer, 208–209

  • surge drum, 208

• glycol dehydration system, 8,16

• glycol dehydrators, trouble diagnosis of

  • corrosion, 213

  • foaming, 212–213

  • not meeting water dewpoint, 213

• glycol purity enhancement methods, 206–207

• glycol regeneration, 206

• granular-media filters, 163–164

• gravity-separation devices, 125–126

  • API separator, 128

  • plate coalescers, 128–131

  • skim piles, 131–132

  • skim tanks and vessels, 126–128

• gravity settling, 76, 141–142

• gun-barrel tanks, 90–91

• guy-wire supported stacks, 427

H

• hardness leak, 148–149

• haulage, 145

• hazards

  • analysis, 398

  • excess temperature and, 396, 398

• hazardous-area classification, electrical systems

  • International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standards, 477–479

  • North American Standards, 475–477

• hazard tree, 396–398

• Hazen-Williams equation, 323, 327

• head(s)

  • compression and, 267–268

  • losses and pumps, 237

  • pumps hydrostatics and, 233–234

• heavy industrial gas turbine engines, 311

• high density polyethylene (HDPE), 518– 519

• high-velocity AC, 96

• horizontal-directional-drilling (HDD) methods, 372

• horizontal emulsion treaters, 93–95

• hot- and warm-lime softening, 150–153

• hot potassium carbonate (K ₂ CO ₃ ) (Hot Pot), 191

• hydrates, 2, 6, 186, 219, 221, 224

• hydraulic motor, 439

• hydraulic principles and pumps, 233–240

• hydraulic turbines and pump drivers, 257–258

• hydrocarbon dewpoint, 2

• hydrocarbons (HC), 2

  • reciprocating engines and, 306

  • releases and RP 14C approach, 400–401

• hydrocarbons separation from water

  • coalescence, 125

  • dispersion, 124–125

  • gravity separation, 124

  • theory, 124

• hydrocyclones, 6, 13, 113, 135–137, 142, 160, 163, 171

• hydrodynamics and pumps, 237–240

• hydrostatics

  • centrifugal pumps considerations and, 233–234

  • positive-displacement pumps considerations and, 234–236

  • pumps and, 233–236

• hydrostatic testing and pipelines, 387, 389

I

• IFPEXOL process, 221–222

• impeller(s)

  • axial loading and centrifugal pumps, 241

  • closed impellers, 240–241

  • with high specific speeds, 242

  • with low specific speeds, 242

  • with median specific speeds, 242

  • multistage centrifugal pumps and, 241

  • open impellers, 240

  • partially open impellers, 240

  • radial loading and centrifugal pumps, 241

  • single-stage centrifugal pumps and, 241

  • types and centrifugal pumps, 240–241

• indirect-fired heater, 89

• induction motors, 480–481

• inlet air filtration system, 313–314

• inlet cyclones, 19–23

• inlet separator, function of, 200–202

• inspection and pipelines, 389

• instability limit, 96

• installation guidelines

  • of centrifugal compressors, 279–282

  • centrifugal pumps and, 248–250

  • positive-displacement pumps and, 255–257

  • of reciprocating compressors, 293–295

  • relief systems and, 421

• instrumentation and controls, gas treating and processing

  • gas flow control, 209

  • lean glycol circulation rate, 209–210

  • liquid level controls, 210–211

  • pressure and temperature indicators, 211

  • reboiler temperature, 210

• Instrument Soc. of America (ISA), 401

• insulators, 106, 369

• integral compressors, 263

  • frame and, 283

• interconnecting piping, 317

• intercooling, 270

• interface-sludge drains, 109

• intermediate pressure (IP) separator, 4

• internal-combustion engines, 258

• internal floating roof tank (IFRT), 508, 513–514

• internal-gear pumps, 252

• International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standards, 477–479

• ion exchange, 147–150

• isentropic compression, 265–266

• isentropic efficiency, 268

• isolation (block) valves, 422–423

• ISO standards, 450. See also American Petroleum Institute (API) standards

  • coriolis flowmeters and, 457–458

  • gas turbine meter and, 452

  • orifice meters and, 450

  • ultrasonic meters and, 455

J–K

• joint operating agreement (JOA), 565, 569, 581–583

• Joule-Thomson expansion, 224–225

• K-factor, 443, 454

• kinetic-energy pumps, 231. See also centrifugal pumps

• knockout drums, 424–425

L

• LACT. See lease automated custody transfer

• LACT units, 447

  • considerations, 448–449

  • coriolis meter and, 448

  • positive-displacement meters and, 448

  • sediment and water (S&W) monitors, 448–449

  • turbine meter and, 448

• laminar flow, 24–25

• leak detection, 518–520

  • API standards and, 518–519

  • HDPE and, 518–519

  • RPB and, 518–519

• leaks and hazards, 396, 398

• lean-burn engines, 306–307

• lease agreement, 565

• lease automated custody transfer (LACT) system, 439

• level controllers and gauges, 112

• light industrial gas turbine engines, 311

• liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), 8, 446

• liquid distribution systems, 107–108

• liquid knockout, 14

• liquid leaks control and tanks

  • API standards and, 518–519

  • cathodic protection and external corrosion, 518

  • corrosion protection, coatings, 516–518

  • secondary containment and, 518–520

• liquid meters

  • coriolis flowmeters, 443–444

  • flow calculations and, 449

  • flowmeter performance and, 445–446

  • flowmeter selection and, 446–447

  • LACT units and, 447–449

  • linearity and, 445

  • metering system design, 444–445

  • positive displacement, 439–441

  • proving and, 447

  • repeatability and, 445

  • resolution and, 445

  • turbine flowmeters, 441–443

  • turndown and, 445

• liquid velocity, 353

• load-characteristics tables, 496

• load torque calculation, 496

• lobe pumps, 252–253

• low-shear pumps, 137

M

• mass (weight) flow, 269

• mathematical equations

  • Bernoulli equation, 318–320

  • for equivalent lengths, 341

  • for flow coefficient, 336–341

  • Hazen-Williams equation, 323, 327

  • Panhandle equation, 329–330

  • for pipe wall thickness, 341, 343

  • for resistance coefficient, 336–341

  • Spitzglass equation, 330

  • Weymouth equation, 327, 329–330

• maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP), 10, 406

  • cylinders and, 283

  • relief systems and, 408, 416–417, 424

• mechanical flow diagrams (MFDs), 568

  • primary elements of, 572

• mesh, 26–27

• meter factor, 447

• metering system design

  • bulk swirl and, 444–445

  • dowel pinning and, 444–445

• methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), 191

• mezzanine-mounted installations, 279–280

• minimum facility platforms (MFPs), 541–542

• mixed-flow impellers, 242

• mixing devices, 111–112

• molecular drums and disposal systems, 426–427

• monitoring devices. See safety devices

• monoethanolamine (MEA), 190

• Moody friction factor, 320–323

• motor starting, methods of

  • autotransformer starting, 490–491

  • full-voltage starting, 490

  • part-winding starting, 492

  • soft starting, 492

  • wye-delta starting, 491

• multiphase flow regimes, 331–335

• multiple-screw pumps, 253

• multistage centrifugal compressors, 272

• multistage centrifugal pumps, 241

• multitube cyclone inline separator, 38–39

• multitubular cyclone separator, 29–30

N

• NACE Standard MR0175, 187

• National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE), 187, 518

• National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 479–480, 487, 493

• natural gas, 17

  • dehydration of, 198

• natural-gas liquids (NGL), 8

• naturally aspirated engines, 305

• NEMA MG 127, 496

• NEMA motor characteristics, 489–490

  • accelerating torque and breakdown torque, 489

  • full-load torque, 489

  • special design motors, 490

  • speed/torque curve, 489

  • standard motor designs, 489

  • starting current and full-load current, 489–490

  • starting torque, 489

• net positive suction head (NPSH), 238

  • available (NPSHA), 238–239

  • margin, 239

  • required (NPSHR), 238

• NGL extraction methods, 222–223

• nondestructive testing and pipelines, 389

• nonregenerative chemical solvent (scavenger) processes, 196–197

• North American Standards, 475–477

O

• offshore flare-support structures, 427–429

• offshore pipelines

  • construction of, 375–379

  • corrosion prevention of, 380

  • design of, 372–375

  • Splashtron and, 380

• offshore production operations

  • crude-oil disposal, 556–558

  • gas disposal, 558

  • process equipment, 555–556

  • water disposal, 558

  • well completions, 555

  • well servicing and well workover, 556

• oil and gas processing, 1–2

  • design safety of, primary and secondary protection, 9–10

  • example oil facility of, 3–6

  • function of facility and, 2–3

  • gas facility and, 6–8

  • process control of, 9

• oil facility, functions of

  • auxiliary systems, 3

  • main process, 2–3

  • secondary process, 3

• oil facility, steps of

• oil treating, 5

  • produced-water treating, 6

  • separation, 3–5

• oilfield facility, 1–2

• oil/gas separator

  • advantages and disadvantages of, 18

  • components of, 17–18

  • examples of, 36–39

  • functions of, 13–14

  • general, 13–15

  • internals, 18–30

  • problems ( See oil/gas separator, problems)

  • separation performance, 18

  • separator orientation, 18

  • separator sizing ( See separator sizing)

  • well fluids and characteristics ( See oil/gas separator, well fluids and characteristics)

• oil/gas separator, problems

  • corrosion, 34

  • foaming, 30–33

  • paraffin, 33

  • sloshing, 34–35

  • solids and salt, 33–34

  • stable control, 35–36

• oil/gas separator, well fluids and characteristics

  • condensable vapors, 17

  • condensate, 16

  • crude oil, 15–16

  • free gas, 17

  • impurities and extraneous materials, 17

  • natural gas, 17

  • solution gas, 17

  • water, 17

• oil seller, 5

• oil-wet solids, 63

• onshore pipelines, 366

  • construction process in, 371–372

  • corrosion prevention of, 368–370

  • horizontal-directional-drilling (HDD) methods and, 372

  • material selection of, 367

  • permits and special considerations of, 368

  • pipe selection and wall thickness of, 367

  • right-of-way (ROW) and, 367–368

  • route selection and survey of, 367

  • welding and pipe joining of, 370–371

• open-delta, 468–469

• open drip-proof (ODP), 498–499

• open impellers, 240

• open top tank (OTT), 508–509

• operational parameters, 104–105

• orifice meters

  • advantages and disadvantages, 453

  • Daniel Senior Fitting and, 450

  • ISO standard and, 450

• operational theory of, 451

• overview of, 450

  • sizing of, 451

  • vena contracta and, 450

• OTT. See open top tank

• overpressure

  • hazards and, 396

  • relief systems and, 414–415

• owner prime, 567

• oxides of nitrogen (NOx)

  • gas turbine engines and, 315

  • reciprocating engines and, 306–307

• oxides of sulfur (SOx)

  • gas turbines and, 315

  • reciprocating engines and, 306

• oxygen scavengers, 166, 176

P

• Panhandle equation, 329–330

• parallel plate interceptors (PPI), 128

• partially open impellers, 240

• particulate matter (PM) emission

  • gas turbines and, 315

  • reciprocating engines and, 306–307

• perfect gas equation, 268–269

• performance

  • of centrifugal pumps and affinity laws, 247

  • characteristic of centrifugal compressors, 278

  • curves of centrifugal pumps, 242–243

  • of flowmeter, 445–446

  • maps and reciprocating compressors, 293

  • of reciprocating compressors, 287–293

  • reciprocating-pump performance considerations, 255

• physical solvents and gas treating and processing

  • Fluor solvent process, 194

  • Purisol, 194

  • Selexol process, 194

• pigs and pipelines, 380–383

  • launchers and receivers of, 383–386

  • selection of, 386

  • slug catchers and, 386–387

• pilot-operated valves, 415–416

• pipe expansion, 362–363

• pipe fittings standards and piping and pipeline systems, 358

• pipelines

  • atmospheric corrosion and, 370

  • cathodic protection system and, 369–370

  • emergency-shutdown (ESD) systems and, 389–390

  • external corrosion and, 369–370

  • galvanic corrosion and, 370

  • gathering, 364–365

  • hydrostatic testing and, 387, 389

  • inspection and, 389

  • internal corrosion and, 368–369

  • nondestructive testing and, 389

  • offshore, 372–380

  • onshore, 366–372

  • pigs and, 380–387

  • supervisory-control-and-data acquisition (SCADA) control system and, 389–390

  • transmission, 365–366

  • welding and, 370–371

• pipe-support spacing, 363–364

• pipe wall thickness selection, 341

  • location classes for design and construction, 350–353

  • materials for, 343–345

• piping codes and, 343–353

• piping and pipeline systems

  • Bernoulli equation and, 318–320

  • Hazen-Williams equation and, 323, 327

  • Moody friction factor and, 320–323

  • multiphase flow regimes and, 331–335

  • Panhandle equation and, 329–330

  • pipe expansion and, 362–363

  • pipelines and ( See pipelines)

  • pipe-support spacing, 363–364

  • pipe wall thickness selection and ( See pipe wall thickness selection)

  • pressure breaks specification and, 361–362

  • pressure drop by valves and fittings in, 335–341

  • pressure-drop formulas and, 318–335

  • Reynolds number and, 320–323

  • simplified gas formula and, 327, 330

  • Spitzglass equation and, 330

  • valve, fitting, and flange pressure standards for, 355–361

  • velocity considerations and, 353–353

  • Weymouth equation and, 327, 329–330

• piping codes, 343

  • ANSI/ASME Standard B31.3 code, 345–346

  • ANSI/ASME Standard B31.4 code, 346

  • ANSI/ASME Standard B31.8 code, 346–353 comparison of, 353

• piping design

  • centrifugal pumps installation and, 249–250

  • positive-displacement pumps installation and, 256

• piping systems, 177. See also piping and pipeline systems

• piping vibration of reciprocating compressors, 296

• piston displacement, 288

  • of double-acting cylinder, 288–289

  • of single-acting cylinder (head-end or crank-end displacement), 288

• piston pumps, 253

• plate coalescers, 128–131

• plunger pumps, 253

• pneumatic supply systems, 402

• pollutants. See emission pollutants

• polyelectrolites, 171–172

• polytropic compression, 266–267

  • efficiency of, 268

  • head and, 267–268

• polytropic efficiency, 268

• positive displacement compressors, 262–263

• positive displacement (PD) meters

  • design considerations for, 441

  • hydraulic motor and, 439

  • LACT units and, 448

  • operational theory of, 439–441

  • packing gland and, 440

• positive-displacement pumps, 231

  • anchor-bolt-sleeve installation and, 256

  • considerations and hydrostatics, 234–236

  • grouting and, 256

  • installation guidelines, 255–257

  • metal-shim adjustments and, 256

  • reciprocating-pump performance considerations and, 255

  • reciprocating pumps and, 231, 253–255

  • rotary pumps and, 231, 250–253

  • types of, 250

• power factor and use of capacitors, 473–475

• power requirements

  • compressors and, 263, 265, 270

  • pumps and, 239

• pressure breaks specification, 361–362

• pressure drop

  • elevation changes and, 335

  • flare stacks design and, 430–431

  • gas turbine engines and, 313

  • in two-phase flow, 332–335

  • by valves and fittings, 335–341

• pressure drop equations

  • for gas flow, 323, 325, 327–331

  • for liquid flow, 323

• pressure-relief/safety devices, 360–361

• pressure-relief valves. See relief valves

• pressure safety valves (PSV), 9, 214

• pressure-vacuum (PV), 514

  • valves, 509–510

• pressurized cooling systems, 297

• pressurized lubrication system, 297–298

• prestressed concrete, 543

• prime contractor, 567

• prime movers

  • gas turbine engines as, 308–316

  • reciprocating engines as, 301–308

• process and instrumentation diagram (P&IDs), 568, 582–584

  • rules for developing, 573

• process flow diagrams (PFDs), 568, 582

  • items specified on, 571

• procurement and contracting plan, 568

• produced water, 123

  • treating, 6

• produced-water discharge or steam injection

  • centrifuges, disc-stack, 137

  • deoiling hydrocyclones, 135–137

  • gas flotation units, 132–135

  • gravity-separation devices, 125–132

  • removing dissolved hydrocarbons from water, 138–141

  • removing dissolved solids from water, 146–154

  • separating free hydrocarbons from water, 124–125

  • separating suspended solids from produced water, 141–144

  • solids handling, 144–146

  • steam production, 154–159

  • walnut-shell filters, 137–138

• production facility

  • fire/explosion and, 396

  • hazards analysis and, 398

  • hazard sources and, 396, 398

  • hazard tree and, 396–398

  • injury and, 396

  • oil pollution and, 396

  • primary defense and, 398

  • protection concepts and, 395–396

  • protection devices and, 398

• production-facility safety system, 396

• production-process safety systems, 401–404

• production tanks, 505

  • API standards and, 520

  • dikes and, 520

  • site considerations for, 520

• project execution

  • AFE and initial cost estimate, 582–583

  • choosing a project team, 581–582

  • commissioning and startup, 589–590

  • managing personnel, 587–589

  • monitoring and reporting progress and cost, 586–587

  • partners’ approval, 583–585

  • procurement, 585–586

  • project closeout, 590

  • project initiation, 569–581

  • selecting an engineering company, 582

• project formats, 567

• project management of surface facilities

  • authorization for expenditure, 569

  • cost estimate, 568

  • detailed engineering, 568

  • engineer, procure, and construction-management (EPCM), 567

  • engineer procure construct (EPC), 567

  • equipment and task list, 568

  • facility layout, 568

  • general services contract (GSC), 567

  • joint operating agreement (JOA), 565

  • lease agreement, 565

  • mechanical flow diagrams (MFDs), 568

  • owner prime, 567

  • process and instrumentation diagram (P&IDs), 568

  • process flow diagrams (PFDs), 568

  • procurement and contracting plan, 568

  • project formats, 567

  • project schedule, 568

  • purchase order (PO), 567

• pump(s)

  • centrifugal pumps ( See centrifugal pumps)

  • corrosivity and, 236

  • design for, 232–233

  • drivers, 257–258

  • fluid principles and, 231–233

  • fluids types and, 231

  • hydraulic principles and, 233–240

  • hydrodynamics and, 237–240

  • hydrostatics and, 233–236

  • kinetic-energy pumps, 231

  • mechanical design and, 232–233

  • positive-displacement pumps ( See positive-displacement pumps)

  • power requirements and, 239

  • process design and, 232

  • specific speed, 241–242

  • suction head and, 237–238

  • types of, 231

  • for upstream production operations, 232

  • vendor selection and, 233

• pump drivers

  • electric motors and, 257

  • expansion turbines and, 257–258

  • gas turbines and, 258

  • hydraulic turbines and, 257–258

  • internal-combustion engines and, 258

  • steam turbines and, 257

• purchase order (PO), 567

• purge gas and flare stacks, 434

• purge valves, 281–282

• Purisol, 194

R

• radioactive tracers, 410

• radial combustor, 312

• radial-flow impellers, 242

• rapid cycling, 422

• reboilers

  • function of, 203–204

  • temperature, 210

• reciprocating compressors, 262–263

  • bearings and, 286

  • clearance volume of, 289–291

  • components in, 282–287

  • compressor capacity of, 287–288

  • concentric ring valves and, 287

  • connecting rod and, 285

  • cooling systems for, 297

  • crankshaft and, 285–286

  • cylinder and packing lubrication for, 298

  • cylinder cooling of, 296–297

  • cylinders and, 283–284

  • distance piece and, 284–285

  • foundation design of, 296

  • frame of, 283

  • installation of, 293–295

  • lubrication systems for, 297–298

  • performance maps and, 293

  • performance of, 287–293

  • of piping vibration, 296

  • piston displacement of, 288–289

  • piston rod and, 285

  • piston rod packing in, 286

  • pistons and, 285–286

  • plate valves, 286–287

  • poppet-style valves and, 287

  • pressurized lubrication system for, 297–298

  • pulsations and, 295–296

  • rod loads of, 292–293

  • specific heat ratio and performance of, 293

  • speed and performance of, 293

  • splash lubrication systems for, 297

  • suction pressure and performance of, 293

  • suction temperature and performance of, 293

  • valves in, 286–287

  • vibration considerations of, 296

  • volumetric efficiency of, 287–288, 291–292

• reciprocating engines

  • catalyst reduction and, 306

  • diesel cycle, 303–305

  • exhaust emissions and, 305–307

  • four-stroke cycle, 303

  • fuels for, 308

  • interchangeability and, 307–308

  • naturally aspirated, 305

  • as prime movers, 301–308

  • turbocharged, 305

  • two-stroke cycle, 301–303

• reciprocating pumps, 231

  • capacity and, 255

  • diaphragm pumps and, 253–255

  • performance considerations and, 255

  • piston pumps and, 253

  • plunger pumps and, 253

  • speed and, 255

• recuperative cycle, 310

• reduced-voltage autotransformer (RVAT), 490–491

• reduction/oxidation (redox) process, 195–196

• refrigeration process in gas plants, 219

• reid vapor pressure, 2

• reinjection compressors, 261–262

• reject valve, 169

• release prevention barrier (RPB), 518–519

• relief valves, 415

  • blocked discharge and, 418

  • centrifugal compressors and, 281

  • configurations, 423–424

  • dual, 417

  • gas blowby and, 418–419

  • multiple, 417–418

  • pilot-operated, 415–416

  • reactive forces and, 422

  • and reciprocating compressors, 295

  • spring-loaded, 415

• relief valves and relief systems, 408–412

  • backpressure and, 417

  • considerations for, 415–418

  • discharge piping and, 421–422

  • fire/thermal expansion and, 420–421

  • inlet piping and, 421

  • installation and, 421

  • isolation (block) valves and, 422–423

  • liquid-discharge considerations and, 424

  • rapid cycling and, 422

  • relief-valve configurations and, 423–424

  • relief valves and, 415

  • resonant chatter and, 422

  • rupture-disk devices and, 415

  • selection of, 412–415

  • sizing of, 418–421

  • tailpipes considerations and, 422

• remote flares, 428–429

• resonant chatter, 422

• reverse osmosis (RO), 146–147

• Reynolds number, 24–25, 141, 320–323

• rich-burn engines, 306–307

• right-of-way (ROW) and onshore pipelines, 367–368

• riveted, bolted, and shop-welded tanks, 505–507

  • API standards and, 506–507

• RO. See reverse osmosis

• roof-to-shell joint, 512

• rotary positive displacement compressors, 263

• rotary pumps, 231, 250

  • external gear and, 251

  • flexible vane design and, 250–251

  • internal-gear pumps and, 252

  • lobe pumps and, 252–253

  • screw pumps and, 253

  • sliding-vane design and, 250

• rotor, 479

  • rotation, 481–484

S

• safety analysis and RP 14C

  • production-facility, 407–408

  • safety analysis checklists (SAC) and, 406

  • safety-analysis function-evaluation charts (SAFE) and, 406–407

  • safety analysis tables (SAT) and, 406

  • safety devices and, 401

  • surface safety systems (SSS) and, 401

  • undesirable events and, 405–406

• safety devices

  • of centrifugal compressors, 282

  • RP 14C and, 401

• safety grounding floats, 108

• sales pipelines. See gathering pipelines

• salt analysis by conductivity, 81

• sand filters, 163

• sand pan, 110–111

• screw compressors, 263

• screw-down actuator, 497–499

• screw pumps, 253

• seal drums and disposal systems, 425–426

• Selexol process, 194

• self-priming pumps, 247–248

• self-supported stacks, 427

• separable compressors, 262–263

  • frame and, 283

• separator sizing, 39

  • demister sizing, 45–47

  • examples of, 49–56

  • nozzle sizing, 49

  • retention time, 44–45

  • seam-to-seam length, 47–49

  • settling theory, 39–44

• settling tanks, 85–91

• settling theory of separator sizing

  • drop/bubble sizes, 43–44

  • horizontal separators, 39–41

  • vertical vessels, 41–43

• shutdown valves and centrifugal compressors, 281

• shut-in, 395–396

• silica gel, 215

• single-acting compressor cylinders

  • clearance volume of, 289–290

  • piston displacement of, 288

  • rod loads of, 292–293

• single hot AC, 96

• single-phase motor, 486

• single-screw pumps, 253

• single-stage centrifugal compressors, 272

• single-stage centrifugal pumps, 241

• single-stage desalter, 79

• skim-pile flow pattern, 132

• skim piles, 131–132

• skim tanks and vessels, 126–128

• sliding-vane design, 250

• slip, 250, 255, 483

• slug catchers and pipeline pigs, 386–387

• solid/liquid hydrocyclones, 160–161, 163

• solids-removal systems, 109–111

• solution gas, 17

• sour gas, 7, 187

• sour gas sweetening

  • computer simulation of, 191

  • CO ₂ removal, 187

  • diethanolamine (DEA), 191

  • diglycolamine (DGA), 190

  • diisopropanolamine (DIPA), 191

  • hot potassium carbonate (K ₂ CO ₃ ) (Hot Pot), 191

  • methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), 191

  • monoethanolamine (MEA), 190

  • operating problems, 192–194

  • overview of, 187–188

  • process equipment for sweetening sour gas with a regenerative solvent, 188–189

  • proprietary amine solvent formulations, 191

  • regenerative chemical solvents, 189–190

  • solution circulation rate estimation, 191–192

  • sour gas, definition of, 187

  • sulfur compounds, 187

  • sweetening solvents, 189

  • triethanolamine (TEA), 191

• spar concept. See deep draught caisson vessel

• speed

  • reciprocating compressor performance and, 293

  • reciprocating pumps and, 255

• Spitzglass equation, 330

• splash lubrication systems, 297

• Splashtron and offshore pipeline, 380

• spring-loaded-relief-valves, 415

• squirrel-cage rotor, 480–482

• standards, for piping and pipeline systems

  • bolting materials and, 357

  • branch connections and, 359

  • control valves and pressure-relief/safety devices and, 360–361

  • corrosion protection, 368

  • flanges, 356–357

  • gasket materials and, 357

  • minimum wall thickness and, 358–359

  • pipe fittings and, 358

  • pressure ratings, 355–356

  • valves, 359–360

• standard volume flow, 269

• stator, 479–480

  • -coil arrangement, 480

• steamflood, 123, 154

• steam injectors, 158–159

• steam production

  • quality of water for, 155–156

  • steam generators, 156–158

  • water-treating processes for, 154–155

• stirred autoclave test, 174

• Stokes’ law, 76, 124, 141

• stonewall (choke) limit, 279

• storage tanks, 84–85

  • appurtenances, 516

  • batteries maintenance, 522

  • battery connections and operations, 520–522

  • breathing, 510

  • controlling liquid leaks and, 516–520

  • current storage options and, 508–509

  • field-welded, 507–508

  • filling/pumping operations and, 511

  • fire exposure and, 512

  • floating-roof, 513–516

  • gas blanketing systems, 511–512

  • gauge hatches and, 510

  • hydrogen sulfide crude storage, 522

  • net-working capacity and, 514–515

  • pressure-vacuum valves and, 509–510

  • production, 505

  • product vapor control and, 515–516

  • riveted, bolted, and shop-welded, 505–507

  • site considerations, 520

  • types of, 505–508

  • vent system design and, 512– 513

• structural integrity management (SIM) process, 541

• subsea completions, 548

• subsea systems, 533–534, 551–553

• subsystems, emulsions

  • electrodes, 106–107

  • instrumentation and safety systems, 108–109

  • insulators, 106

  • level controllers and gauges, 112

  • liquid distribution systems, 107–108

  • mixing devices, 111–112

  • power supplies, 105–106

  • solids-removal systems, 109–111

  • water-in-oil detectors, 112

• suction lift, 235

• suction piping

  • centrifugal pump installation and, 249

  • positive-displacement pump installation and, 256

• suction pressure, 293

• suction scrubbers

  • centrifugal compressors and, 282

  • and reciprocating compressors, 294–295

• suction temperature, 293

• Sulferox process for gas treating and processing, 195

• Sulfinol process for gas treating and processing, 194–195

• supervisory-control-and-data acquisition (SCADA) control system, 389–390

• supporting structures, historical review, 525–533

• surface safety systems (SSS), 401

• surface water, 123

• surface-water treatment for injection, 159–160

  • biological control, 168

  • dissolved-gas removal (oxygen), 165–168

  • separating suspended solids from injection water, 160–165

  • sulfate removal, 168–170

• surfactants, 176–177

• surge limit

  • of centrifugal compressors, 278–279

  • of variable speed compressors, 281

• sweetening, 7, 187–189, 191, 197–198

• synchronous motors, 484–485

• system grounding, 470

• system head curves

  • and centrifugal pumps, 243–244

  • flow rate regulation and, 244

T

• tank appurtenances, 516

• tank battery

  • connections and operations, 520–521

  • for hydrogen sulfide crude storage, 522

  • maintenance of, 522

• tank breathing, 510–511

• tension leg platforms (TLP), 34–35, 530–531, 544–546, 548–551

• theoretical lift and pumps, 234–235

• thermal-stability test, 172

• thermosiphons, 297

• three-phase motor, 486

• total dynamic head (TDH), 237

  • calculation, 238

• totally enclosed, fan-cooled (TEFC), 499, 501

• totally enclosed nonventilated (TENV), 499

• transformers for AC treating, 97

• transmission pipelines, 318, 365–366

• treating emulsions from enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects, 112–113

• triethylene glycol, 8, 200, 205

• triple hot AC, 96

• true vapor pressure. See bubblepoint

• truss spar, 547

• turbine flowmeters, 441

  • aeronautical applications and, 442

  • API standards and, 442

  • K-factor of, 443

  • LACT units and, 448

  • operational theory of, 442–443

• turbocharged engines, 305

• turbo-expander process, 223–224

• turndown and flowmeter, 445–446

• turnkey, 567

• two-phase flow and pressure drop, 332–335

• two-phase separator, 34

• two review rule, 581

• two-stroke cycle engines, 301–303

U

• ultrasonic meters (USM)

  • advantages and disadvantages, 456–457

  • ISO standard and, 455

  • operational theory of, 456

  • overview of, 455–456

  • sizing of, 456–457

• unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) and gas turbine engines, 315

• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), 368

V

• vacuum deaeration, 167

• valves. See also specific valves

  • standards and piping and pipeline systems, 359–360

• valves and fittings

  • equivalent lengths of, 341

  • flow coefficients of, 336–341

  • pressure drop by, 335–341

  • resistance coefficients of, 336

• vane compressors, 263

• vane inlet, 23–24

• vane-type mist extractors, 27–28

• vapor pressure, of liquid pumps and, 236

• vapor recovery compressors, 262

• variable frequency drives (VFD), 493–494

• velocity

  • in gas lines, 354

  • in liquid lines, 353

  • in multiphase systems, 354–355

• velocity head, 237

• vena contracta, 450

• vendor selection and pump design, 233

• vent stacks, 435–436

• vent system design

  • API standards and, 512–513

  • FRT and, 512

  • gas blanketing system and, 512

  • vent piping and, 512

• vertical emulsion treaters, 91–93

• vessel fabrication, 177–178

• voltage drop in electrical systems, 471–472

  • motor-starting voltage drop (off a generator), 472–473

  • motor-starting voltage drop (off a transformer), 472

• vortex-induced vibrations (VIV), 545

W

• water

  • calcification, 113, 171–172

  • flood, 123

  • jets, 110

  • leg, 87

  • recycle and emulsions, 74–75

  • softening, 147

• washing and emulsion treatment, 74–75

• water dewpoint

  • depression, 204–206

  • determination, 212

• water-in-oil detectors, 112

• water-treating chemicals, 170–171

  • antifoam, 176–177

  • bacteria control, 175–176

  • biocide testing, 176

  • chemical effect mechanisms, 173

  • chemical types, 172

  • corrosion protection, 173–175

  • oxygen scavenger, 176

  • scale inhibition, 172

  • selection methods, 172–173

  • surfactants, 176–177

  • water clarification (flocculants), 171–172

• water-treating equipment, material selection for

  • erosion protection, materials for, 178–179

  • material produced-water systems, 177

  • normal service materials, 177–178

  • seawater systems, materials for, 179

  • severe service environments, materials for, 178

  • steam systems, materials for, 180

• water-treating processes for steam production, 154–155

• wax precipitation, 81

• welding and pipelines, 370–371

• well flowline, 317

• Weymouth equation, 327, 329–330

• wheel test, 173–174

• working capacity, 507

  • of floating-roof tank, 514–515

• wrist pin bearings, 286

• wye-delta, 466–477