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In this chapter, we present very basic reservoir geology and reservoir traps and types. The flow (transport) of hydrocarbons and water in oil-bearing formations and aquifers takes place in geological formations (porous media). Therefore, geoscientist and reservoir engineers have to deal with many kinds of sedimentary, structural, and other types of reservoirs that have gone through geological (e.g., tectonic, petrological, and diagenetic) processes over millions of years. High and low porosities, formation thickness (thin beds), high and low permeabilities, compartmentalizations, faults, fractures, and pinchouts, for example, are consequences of geological processes. As reservoir engineers, we model reservoirs, understand formation pressure gradients and fluid distributions, and interpret transient pressure tests, regardless of deployment type and radius of investigation. To do so successfully, we must have a general and basic understanding of reservoir geology, petrophysics, and seismic, so that we can communicate with geoscientists and ask the right questions that will transform an ill-posed interpretation problem into a better-posed one to reduce uncertainties. This is not a question of whether to use analytical, mostly geometrical, models that are well-posed solutions to the diffusivity equation, or to use well-posed numerical models that always suffer from not having enough grids and/or grid-orientation effects, but it is a question of having the flexibility to entertain geological complexities.

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