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Formation stimulation using predominantly nonreactive fluids, where the fracture conductivity is maintained by an inert proppant, is an immensely important technique. Both carbonate and silicate-type formations can be stimulated using propped fracturing. Because of high reactivity, some carbonates can also be effectively treated using both matrix and acid fracturing, while most of the stimulation of silicates with reactive fluids involves low-pressure matrix treatments for near-wellbore cleanup. See Chapter 3.

This chapter will describe the fluids and solids used in propped (prop) fracturing technologies. Mechanistic interpretations will be provided where understanding has been developed. Many of the important concepts and equations of hydraulic fracturing (HF) were introduced in Section 3.8, which describes HF using reactive fluids (for carbonates). Therefore, there will be significant references to that section and the reader is encouraged to review the contents.

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