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There are examples where flood short circuits have been induced not through faults or fractures (whether natural or induced) but by wormholes. Such a failure mode appears most likely to be encountered in unconsolidated reservoirs where the oil is heavy.

The first reported failure of this type occurred in the Stag Field, offshore North West Australia (McDiarmid et al. 2001). This field contains heavy, viscous 19° API oil, and the sandstone is weak and poorly consolidated with a compressive strength of approximately 145 psi (1 MPa). Injection was taking place under fractured injection but, given the good reservoir permeabilities, no negative impacts on flood performance were expected.

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