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The earliest attempts at borehole imaging were directed toward determination of the bed dip and azimuth using a relatively simple three-arm, three-electrode dipmeter tool that provided the minimum information required (three points) to determine the orientation of a given plane in space. Later on, this technology advanced with the introduction of contact-pad-carrying four-arm and six-arm tools on which, in some cases, two or more electrodes were installed. This led to better definition of bed dips, especially because these advances in hardware were matched by advances in software, digital sampling, and recording density. These technological advances culminated in tools with multiple pads, each of which held multiple electrodes, giving rise to formation micro-imaging tools that could generate an almost 360° electrical image of the borehole.

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