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Steam is typically produced using natural-gas-fired steam generators or gas-fired combined heat and power cogeneration plants. Typically, between 25 and 40% of produced crude or its equivalent heat content is used for steam generation. However, both the environmental impact [e.g., generating approximately 65 kg of carbon dioxide (CO2) per 1 million Btu of burning natural gas] and the fuel cost require alternative methods of generating steam or heating the reservoir directly. There are multiple, complementary methods that are capable of heating the injected fluids or reservoir and potentially reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Some of these techniques, such as nuclear energy and solar thermal steam generation, are deployed from the surface; others, such as downhole heaters and electromagnetic heating, are deployed from the wellbore.

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