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This chapter discusses processes to improve recovery efficiency primarily through the use of a displacing fluid that has a low interfacial tension (IFT) with the displaced crude oil. The effect of IFT on recovery in a displacement process is shown in Fig. 7.1 (Stegemeier 1977), where residual oil is correlated as a function of capillary number, Nca*. (Section 2.4.3 describes this relationship.) As covered in Chapter 2, IFT must be reduced from 10 to 30 dynes/cm in a typical waterflood to approximately 10–3 dynes/cm before a large reduction in the waterflood residual oil saturation (ROS) is achieved. Significant reduction in Sor is possible with an IFT of approximately 10–2 dynes/cm.

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