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This chapter covers displacement mechanisms described by frontal-advance theory (Claridge and Bonder 1974; Patton et al. 1971; Pope 1980). The objective is to introduce fundamental concepts of enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) processes using simple mathematical models that retain important features of more-complex models presented later. The application of frontal-advance theory to predict waterflooding performance in a linear system is reviewed (Willhite 1986). Then, frontal-advance theory is applied to viscous waterflooding and chemical flooding processes, such as polymer and surfactant flooding. Injection of chemicals as slugs is introduced. Finally, dispersion (or mixing)—when one fluid displaces a second, miscible fluid—is described, as are viscous fingering and its effect on displacement.

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