Chapter 7: Fluid Leakoff Available to Purchase

This chapter introduces fluid leakoff during the hydraulic fracturing process. It includes both modeling of the leakoff coefficients and their experimental measurements. First, the chapter presents the fundamental equations governing fluid leakoff and then advanced models that capture the dynamic conditions for calculating leakoff coefficients. The applications and limitations of these models are illustrated by comparative experimental data and sample calculations. After that, advances in the design of experimental setups to measure fluid leakoff are presented. Here, the chapter includes new designs of various fluid-loss cells and shares new limits of experimental conditions that can be applied in the laboratory. In specific, experimental parameters such as absolute pressures, pressure drops, and shear rates are highlighted, with the support from experimental data in the literature. Then, the impact of pressure drop, temperature, shear, and formation permeability on the leakoff coefficient is discussed. Next, a review of fluid-loss additives is shared for all fracturing fluids, including materials such as nanoparticles, organic acids, and fibers. The chapter concludes with the impact of pressure on fluid leakoff coefficient in naturally fractured reservoirs.