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Hydraulic fracturing is a tool oil companies use to enhance production from existing and new wellbores. Although fracturing is not used on all wells, a vast majority of them are in need of this type of stimulation. It is used in situations ranging from overcoming near-wellbore damage to increasing productivity in tight microdarcy reservoirs. The theory behind a conventional (hydraulic) stimulation method is to pump fracturing fluid blended with proppant, which is usually sand, down the wellbore at a high-enough rate to overcome the breakdown pressure of the formation, while staying within the bounds of the casing strength and uphole equipment. When the pressure in the wellbore exceeds the formation pressure, the formation breaks, allowing the proppant-filled fluid to travel into the reservoir through a large fracture in which fluids from the reservoir can travel more readily into the wellbore and back up to surface.

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