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This chapter presents the fundamental concepts concerning in-situ stress, near-wellbore fracture geometry, fracture containment issues, fracture growth analyses, and the effect of fractures on the productivity index of a well. In addition, we describe the various 2D and 3D hydraulic fracture propagation models in use in the oil and gas industry.

One of the most important variables to characterize when designing hydraulic fracturing treatments is the in-situ stress in each layer of rock above, within, and below the pay zone, especially if those layers materially affect fracture propagation. The techniques used to estimate in-situ stress can be placed into three categories:

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