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Ordinarily, solutions of most fluid flow and heat flow problems in a wellbore deal with unidirectional fluid flow in a single production string. Chapter 6 presents working equations for estimating fluid temperature in such systems. However, oil production often involves more than the traditional single-string scenario. Economic necessity dictates coproduction of fluids through the annulus and tubing, through two independent strings, and injection down one string and production up the other in the same wellbore. The heat-transfer issue becomes complicated when production through seawater and air occurs in an offshore environment. These and other complex configurations demand knowledge of temperature and pressure profiles for optimization of production and/or injection in each string.

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