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The methods described in Chapter 2 for calculating liquid holdup and pressure drop during two-phase flow are largely empirical. Empirical approaches can potentially give inaccurate results when applied to situations different from the database from which they are derived. A more satisfactory approach models flow mechanics and develops governing equations, which are then tested against laboratory and field data.

Gas flowing simultaneously with a liquid can take many configurations or patterns. Sometimes, when liquid flows as the continuous medium, the gas flows as discrete bubbles of various shapes and sizes. In other cases, the gas may flow through the channel core as the continuous medium, carrying liquid droplets along with it. Dynamics of each flow pattern are unique and generally require individual treatment.

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