... quality and rate levels. That is, rates are too low, and there is a persistence of sub- standard tonnage. The problem and challenge is to make progress-that freight & logistics services European Union pipeline pipeline service cherkasoff operation Russia ship kurz transportation cost...

... oil product carrier regulation transportation cost Tonnage transportation MARINE TRANSPORTATION OF CRUDE OIL AND PRODUCTS Abstract This paper reviews the technical and economic changes in the marine transportation of crude oil and its products for the past four years, highlighting : 1...

... for approximately 90 percent of the total transportation cost. Since capital costs determine the fixed costs, new devel- opments are concentrated upon reduction of capital costs. Engineering design must be based upon not onlyhydraulics and mechanics, but also upon economics. Installed pipe accounts for 75 to 80...

... Abstract. The petroleum industry differs in many points from other industries. If we consider sophisticated applications of data processing, it is necessary to think about the special needs of Petroleum Industry. Some examples are given as a demonstration: Optimization of transportation costs...

... of data processing, i t is necessary to think about the special needs of Petroleum Industry. Some examples are given as a demonstration: Optimization of transportation costs, flow-chart of costs and goods, project planning, design of units. I t seems that such advanced applications are more and more used...

... transportation cost construction transportation Tonnage petroleum industry utilization tanker utilization united states oil demand ocean transportation DWT . Section VIII-Paper 1 THE ROLE OF SEA TRANSPORTATION IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY BY LOREN F. KAHLE* AND A. J. KELLY, JR ABSTRACT. The purpose...

... ABSTRACT. Major factors in United States reñnery location are the economics of size and transportation costs. Related considerations are the availability of alternative sources of crude and alternative markets. The operating cost advantage of a large refinery over a small one is more...