Mr D'Adda's paper was principally a wide range of sources near to their homes. concerned with the practical ways in which the He foresaw that the emerging economies automotive industry, the petroleum refiners would mimc the growth patterns of the and the petrochemical industries could evolve developed countries to achieve these ends for to meet the challenges arising out of the rising themselves. expectations of the other stakeholders in worldwide transportation. This would lead to pressure on the automotive industry to produce more cars He had taken a quantitative approach which were better and less polluting over their and presented his ideas in a series of visual whole product life cycle. That industry had aids which are reproduced below. These already indicated several possible to solutions address the problems of estimating the to this puzzle. Which combination of those financial and environmental costs of meeting solutions is adopted will have its effect on the the international committments arising out of refining and petrochemical indutries. Each the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Voluntary targets and will need to adapt in step to meet the the 1997 Kyoto international treaty to limit developments in the technologies of the other. greenhouse gas emissions. (Figure 6.) The two industries have always made Even establishing the numbers such changes, but now the rate of change is required to assess these committments was a greater and the constraints are more restrictive. challenge, since different stakeholders We can continue adapting, as in the past, only interpreted them in different ways. He cited doing it more efficiently. the words "Sustainable Development" and "Sustainability" as examples. (Figure 4.) He Ten years ago, all we had to was build contrasted the local and urban air quality more cars, better cars and provide fuel for requirements with those with globally scaled them and, of course, we were going to take effects and how these both have an care of the environment. But today we receive interdependence with other economic, social conflicting signals and more complex signals and environmental issues. mean more complex strategies from both industries.

He also noted the general fear of the undesirable effects of commercial As stakeholders, the oil companies globalisation and the effect that it had on still have widely different attitudes towards the stakeholders expectations. various environmental issues, climate change is a good example, these vary from non-He emphasised that the definition of acceptance of the hypothesis, hence no action Sustainable Development which was accepted required, to full acceptance and taking steps to by the European Community includes an reduce CO2 emissions and carrying out integration of e

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