..., the treating pressures were well below the limit at designed pumping rates, and all proppants were placed as planned. The cost saving was significant by using produced water instead of fresh water. The results from the lab and field demonstrate that this cationic friction reducer is a good candidate for wells...

... and dynamic oscillatory-shear measurements using an advanced rheometer. The results of these rheological measurements reveal that these polyacrylamide-based HVFR systems achieve a high viscosity profile in fresh water with associated high proppant-carrying capacity. On the other hand, increasing water...

.... The degradation rate of PGA was proportional to temperature, whereas the Mg alloy had a degradation rate peak and showed a sharp rate decrease at high temperature in fresh water. The degradation rate of PGA was stable and was not affected by salinity level, ionic species, degradation byproduct, and chemicals...

... Summary With increasingly stringent regulations governing the use of fresh water in hydraulic fracturing, operators are struggling to find alternative sources of fracture fluid for hydraulic fracturing operations. In some regions of the world where abundant fresh water is not available...

...-stressed regions, the use of fresh water for oilfield applications is coming under greater scrutiny. Water flowed back from hydraulic fracturing (flowback water) and in situ ground water brought to the surface (produced water) during production account for large volumes of "dirty" water generated...

... hydraulic fracturing water management Upstream Oil & Gas fresh water conocophillips case history hydrogen peroxide geochemical calculation water chemistry water treatment produced water discharge Permian Basin tank reaction water supply storage tank chlorine dioxide spe...

.... In this instance, we will compare only fresh water versus reuse of produced water. We will not segregate the cost of the fresh water between the three main sources currently utilized surface, ground, and municipal as we will assume that users will choose the lowest cost option depending on their location...

... Oil & Gas Water Cycle Disposal hydraulic fracturing concentration water source salinity classification produced water discharge information salinity spe-178699-m urtec freshwater use water treatment multivalent concentration fluid system fresh water source water water-flexible...

... shale gas shale oil weight change Upstream Oil & Gas complex reservoir fresh water petrophysical property shale wave velocity Eagle Ford shale water activity Brinell hardness Reservoir Characterization oil shale native water activity Barnett shale perpendicular water-based...