... production can be achieved by pre-drilling the wells through a drilling template previously installed on the sea bed. The wells can then be tied back to surface production facilities typically installed on a fixed platform or a tension-leg platform. The early production of gas or oil must, of course...

... the bundle lies on the sea bed at the offshore site ready for tie-m These vanous aspects of the tow are used to develop vessel requirements, whch are discussed later m t h s section. The vanous methods of tow are descnbed below such that farml~anzation w t h their specific techmques may be gamed Tow methods...

... the ability to accommodate misalignments, it may be installed from small, manoeuvrable lay-vessels, the ease of installation in restricted areas, the ability to curve around obstructions, the ability to conform to an irregular sea bed, the ease of recovery for repair on the surface...

... the deployment and tenslorung of either anchors on the sea bed or moonng llnes secured to an existing structure Moomg stdl has apphcations, for example If a vessel is p r o g f m e d to remaln on a location for a long period or in locations where water depths make for rapid anchor handling For the most part...

...Geotechnical influences on subsea installations E L James, Fugro Ltd INTRODUCTION Most forms of subsea installations have, as a common feature, a requirement of physical contact duectly or mdirectly with the sea bed The nature of that sea bed greatly influences the des~gn and mstallation technique...

... compressive loads are generally small by comparison. Anchor piles for permanent moorings of floating production systems, loading buoys and circumstances where sea-bed flowlines do not permit conventional moorings. Pile loads are principally horizontal, with some vertical tensile in extreme conditions...

...Habitat for repairing submarine cables E G Gzles, Central Electncity Generatmg Board The orignal electncity link between England (Dungeness) and France (Equlhen) was formed by a pair of d c. cables laid on the sea bed. The lmk was very unreliable due to the large number of anchors and trawl boards...