... of the pipeline as a result of excessive bending stresses. Second, if the natural frequency of the span is sufficiently low, it is well known that transverse vlbration can occur as a result of the action of vortex shedding induced by current flowing across the pipe These two failure mechanisms are considered...

... estlmate tenslon frequency span span length current veloclty frequency measurement natural frequency conservatlve assumptlon condltlon natural frequencle peak stress murray development engineering international ltd span frequency measurement free span PIPELINE FREESPAN...