Abstract
Reliable relative permeability data is an essential input parameter in reservoir engineering, most significantly in the area of reservoir simulation of dual-porosity systems. However, measurements of relative permeability do not work well because of laboratory limitation. Also, reservoir core samples are generally extracted from zones, where induced or natural fractures are absent. Obviously, data obtained from these cores may not reflect the real behavior of naturally fractured reservoirs. Because of this laboratory limitation, many commercial reservoir simulators neglect the effect of dual porosity on relative permeability, and implicitly assume that relative permeability is a straight line. This assumption in naturally fractured systems may lead to erroneous results.
The purpose of this study is to rectify these shortcomings by laboratory experimental contribution. Thus, the main objectives are: (a) to perform special core analyses on Berea outcrop core samples as a model of rock. (b) to simulate fracture opening, by cutting these samples in such away to get different fracture apertures. (c) to investigate the effect of dual porosity on the shape of capillary pressure curves, and (d) to evaluate the effect of fracture opening on both absolute and relative permeability.
A good correlation between absolute permeability and fracture aperture is obtained. The effect of dual porosity is clearly observed on capillary pressure curves. Unsteady-state tests could not be used to measure relative permeability on these specially prepared core samples. This is due to the fact that fractures become the easiest pathway for water flow, which results in high residual oil saturation in the matrix. However, the centrifuge technique test is run with success because both matrix and fracture are subjected to the centrifuge field.
These findings are extended to actual naturally fractured reservoir (NFR) in Algeria. Tin Fouye Tabankort (TFT) reservoir is selected as a prototype of Algerian NFR. Availability of naturally fractured cores and published data are the principal reasons for this selection. A discussion of TFT natural fracture indicators is presented, including: core observations, well test analysis and borehole imager tools. Displacement test is conducted on a full diameter core in order to solve the laboratory limitations and to obtain representative data of relative permeability. These laboratory tests indicate the existence of a good correlation between permeability and fracture opening. The correlation is used to estimate the aperture of natural fractures in TFT reservoir. This study may also lead to the development of a laboratory technique for systematically determining the fracture intensity index.
