Abstract
The traditional trial and error approach of history matching to obtain an accurate model requires engineers to control each uncertain parameter and can be quite time consuming and inefficient. However, automatic history matching (AHM), assisted by computers, is an efficient process to control a large number of parameters simultaneously by an algorithm that integrates a static model with dynamic data to minimize a misfit for improving reliability. It helps to reduce simulation run time as well.
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a population based stochastic algorithm that can explore parameter space combined with the least squares single objective function. The process of AHM can adopt parameterization and realization methods to reduce inverse problems. In this study, realizations of various reservoir properties such as porosity, net to gross, relative permeability, horizontal and vertical permeability, and aquifer size were chosen for controlling throughout the AHM. History matching was conducted to validate the efficiency of each method. The guidelines for optimized AHM with a stochastic algorithm are also disccussed.
The realization and parameterization methods improved matching results in a full-field application with resulting in a reduced misfit and in less. A stochastic algorithm generates multiple models to deduce control parameters to reduce a misfit. In this study we identified that PSO converged effectively with updated control parameters. The optimized AHM improved the accuracy of a full-field model although some misfit remained in the match to bottomhole pressure.
We found that updating with too many parameters makes the problem difficult to solve while using too few leads to false convergence. In addition, while the simulation run time is critical, a full-field simulation model with reduced computational overhead is benefitial.
In this study, we observed that the PSO was an efficient algorithm to update control parameters to reduce a misfit. Using the parameterization and realization as an assisted method helped find better results. Overall this study can be used as a guideline to optimize the process of history matching.
