... Abstract The effective proppant transport and setting in hydraulic fractures will largely determine the well productivity. During hydraulic fracturing, proppants can be transported into formation by slickwater with a high concentration of 420 kg/m3 at low viscosity of 2-5 mPa·s. Fracturing...

... Abstract Understanding the behavior of water-in-crude-oil emulsions is necessary to determine its effect on oil and gas production. The presence of emulsions in any part of the production system could cause many problems such as large pressure drop in pipelines due to its high viscosity...

...Introduction Abstract The use of high viscosity friction reducers (HVFR) as alternatives to guar-based fluids to improve proppant transport and lessen formation damage has increased rapidly. While several product options are available, the criteria for selection of a product has focused...

... fracturing fluid normal stress friction reducer hydraulic fracturing concentration proppant elasticity fracture fluid high viscosity friction reducer HVFR society of petroleum engineers viscosity profile shear rate fracturing materials Upstream Oil & Gas viscosity static...

... Abstract High viscosity friction reducers (HVFRs) are an important component of slickwater hydraulic fracturing applications. To continue to treat multiple clusters effectively within longer laterals, even for stages near the toe area, a high molecular weight HVFR polymer...

... viscosity, and rheological characterization for viscosifying-type friction reducers. Principal component analysis was used as statistical tool to characterize the variation in water chemistry and to establish its relationship with friction reducer performance. machine learning Artificial Intelligence...

... For the four tested gel formulations at high temperature, the viscosities almost kept constant within 180 days aging time, reflecting sound thermal stability of gel. Gel viscosity increased with the increase of molecular weight of polymer. For 2000 mg/L polymer Star-PAM solution, the hydrodynamic...

... crosslinking under acidic conditions without addition of clay stabilizer, and enables the gelatinizer to dissolve fast. Lab tests show that the cellulose thickener may swell and reach 97.2% of its maximum viscosity within 2 min. When shearing at 90°C and 170 s -1 for 90 min, the apparent viscosity...

... of proppant in the later stages. Fracturing fluids required to achieve these objectives often include slickwater followed by a higher viscosity fluid for the later stages, which requires the use of two or more fluid types to be used during the job. VFR fluid systems allow for the entire pumping schedule...

... than approximately 275 °F for any sustained time period. The cellulosic-type polymers provide a lot of surface viscosity, thus limiting the amount that can be added to cement slurry while maintaining the ability to pump the cement in place. Synthetic polymers exhibit severe thermal thinning. This can...

... data obtained in the current study shows that the required gas flow rate to meet critical velocity definition increases by decreasing liquid flow rate. Moreover, the effect of physical parameters such as sand concentration, sand size and liquid viscosity is also experimentally investigated...

... and keeping the enzyme loading constant. The higher loading of the less-expensive lignosulfonate aids in faster breaking of the fluid viscosity. Consequently, this approach is more economical as it requires less enzyme loading. Additionally, the polymer breakdown is complete despite the low amounts...

.... droplet viscosity gas space separation and treating mesh pad separator diameter terminal velocity drag coefficient diameter ratio regime Upstream Oil & Gas vessel diameter phase separator reynolds number level shutdown liquid section separable droplet retention time gas section...

... and economic impacts on fracturing fluid systems. fracturing materials Upstream Oil & Gas proppant fresh water linear gel system crossliked cmhpg viscosity fracturing fluid concentration guar gal hydration time rheological profile hydraulic fracturing produced water discharge Guar gel...

... breaking package. The catalyst allows viscosity breakdown of the fluid to almost that of water, as confirmed by viscosity measurement using tube viscometers. The working mechanism is believed to be that the breaker catalyst reduces the activation energy of the breaking reaction, enabling the reaction...

... with the same polymers. To probe the relative importance of elasticity and viscosity, samples with various viscosities and elasticities are formulated and their proppant suspending power is measured. It is demonstrated that these different fracturing fluids show dramatically different static and dynamic...

... breakers (ammonium persulfate, sodium persulfate and enzymes) on linear polymer and crosslinked gel systems degradation. Viscosity, particle size distribution and regain conductivity were measured as a function of breaker type and concentration. Design schedules of hybrid fracturing jobs performed with CMC...

... carbonate reservoir viscosity emulsified acid injection rate calcium permeability drilling fluid chemistry waterflooding concentration Upstream Oil & Gas acid injection rate acid Injection Rate emulsified acid system acidizing breakthrough pressure drop acid treatment dolomite core...

... fracturing polymer stimulation treatment acidizing acid system acid perforated interval viscosity acid blend diversion carbonate formation spe 141337 reservoir carbonate reservoir crosslinked gel 8 emulsified acid society of petroleum engineers acid diversion fracture associative polymer...

... drilling fluid formulation water-based drilling fluid viscosity application evaluation foamability media flow rate test media defoamer performance agent production control flow metering upstream oil & gas effectiveness defoamer society of petroleum engineers crude oil tank oilfield...