... Abstract Conventional and unconventional well designs require 50,000 to more than 200,000 barrels of water per well during fracturing operations, generating a strain on fresh water supplies. The strain intensifies in areas where fresh water is scarce, water quality is inconsistent...

... The oil and gas industry is one of the largest fresh water consumers and high contaminant water producers, if not the largest one. More than 7 billion barrels of water were produced in Texas in 2007; it was more than one third of total U.S. produced water ( Clark and Veil 2009 ). Common hydraulic...

... Chemistry Upstream Oil & Gas fresh water paraffin remediation wax inhibition asphaltene remediation remediation of hydrates intervention salt deposition choke Control Halite Scale Deposition Case History injection Latin America completion installation and operations deposition kg cm2...

... resulted in increased water consumption for these operations. In an effort to ration water sources, well owners must find alternatives to reduce the volume of fresh water consumed. Throughout the past five years, one operator has worked to use produced water, or low-quality injection water, as a source...

...) for fresh water. The concentration of some of the heavy metals like lead, copper and zinc were found to be above the limit suitable for human consumption. It was also observed that these heavy metals slightly polluted the sediment of the river. The objective of this research is to determine the extent...

... is not exclusive of off-shore fields under seawater injection. Several cases of Argentina fields demonstrate that the H 2 S souring also appears when production water -or diluted production water with fresh-water- is used in secondary recovery projects. Three cases will be described as follows; Chihuido, Barrancas...