... produced waters encountered in the Marcellus Shale. Both lab and field experiments were carried out to assess the effectiveness of the new friction reducer. The data presented in this paper show several advantages of the DPFR: (1) conservation of fresh water sources, (2) greater flexibility in water source...

... of produced water is becoming an economical alternative method of reducing demands for fresh water while eliminating disposal costs of produced water. Simultaneously, most producing states and provinces are adopting restrictions or limiting the use of fresh water for fracturing proposes. Fresh water...

... friction reducer formation damage application hydraulic fracturing loading permeability oxidizer breaker ammonium persulfate fracturing fluid upstream oil & gas proppant society of petroleum engineers reducer friction reducer fracturing materials fresh water fracture Background...

... for producing damaging downhole biogeochemical byproducts, including hydrogen sulfide. Fracture-stimulation of shale-gas wells requires an enormous volume of frac fluid, which traditionally has been developed from fresh water purchased from sources near the drilling location or municipalities. Along...

... or an amount equal to 67% of the primary oil. Utilizing a mixture of produced water and fresh water for injection fluid, the flood has produced 60% of the recoverable flood oil with minimum maintenance costs. Location This flood, consisting of five producing wells and four injection wells, is located...