... Abstract In cemented and cased wells, perforation cluster spacing is optimized based on the type of reservoir fluid, permeability, fracture conductivity, proppant distribution, and associated stresses to place multiple fractures along horizontal wellbores. Specifically, in very low-permeability...

... a summary of over 200 such permeability measurements. Permeability is observed to be dependent on geologic parameters, such as, texture and composition. Stress dependence, with hysteresis, is observed for samples with and without fractures as is rate dependent skin (Forchheimer). An interpretation model...

... Abstract Crush resistance has become a key, perhaps even the singular, parameter used in selection of proppant for hydraulic fracture stimulation operations. The API Recommended Practice 19C (RP19C)—which is identical to the ISO13503-2 standard 1 — lays out procedures intended to produce...

... Abstract Induced fracture complexity maximization, in addition to the primary hydraulic fracture, to improve the recovery efficiency or productivity of gas or liquids in unconventional reservoirs has been accepted and fully implemented by the industry. As a result, stimulation fluids...

... Abstract Hydraulic fracturing combined with horizontal drilling has been the technology that makes it possible to economically produce natural gas from unconventional shale gas reservoirs. For best performance of fracturing stimulation, hydraulic fracturing designing parameters...

... Abstract Handling flow through fractured media is critical for transient pressure and flow analysis in shale gas reservoirs, because gas production from such low-permeability formations relies on fractures, from hydraulic fractures and fracture network to various-scaled natural fractures...

... Abstract The Eagle Ford Shale is recognized as the largest oil and gas development in the world, based on capital investment ( Wood Mackenzie 2012 ). Development typically consists of horizontal wells stimulated with multiple hydraulic fracture stages. Almost $30 billion will be spent...

... provides a general mathematical and numerical simulation framework to incorporate changing well pressure/rate boundary conditions, well and fracture geometry, reservoir heterogeneity, geomechanical compaction, dual porosity/permeability and other relevant physics related to shale gas production (Patent...

... Abstract Prefrac pressure diagnostics, including fracture-injection/falloff sequences, have been used for several years to estimate initial reservoir pressure and transmissibility in unconventional reservoirs. Prior to performing pressure diagnostics, initial or average reservoir pressure...

... investigation indicated that cylindrical or planar in-situ electric heaters were more efficient than flowing steam through created fractures. This study investigates the efficiency of oil shale in-situ upgrading by steam flowing in vertical fractures. There are challenges in the through description of in-situ...

...) and long term performance of the wells by estimating EURs. The most common challenge in history-matching of production in shale gas/oil wells has been the non-uniqueness of the history-matched parameters. A lot of emphasis has been put on estimation of fracture half-length, which is believed...

... oil recovery membrane efficiency permeability fracture low-salinity brine kurtoglu shale matrix Introduction Osmosis is the transport of water molecules flow from low-salinity side of a semi-permeable membrane to the high-salinity side to equalize the concentration of the dissolved salts...

..., which gives a much lower production permeability and a reduced size of the SRV (stimulated reservoir volume). Data from five wells in the Fayetteville shale have been analyzed using new software. Two perm-based diagnostics (injection and production perm) have been correlated to various fracture...

... fractures were incorporated into the model for CO 2 injection and oil production wells, respectively, as well as the characterized oil properties such as swelling test and minimum miscibility pressure measurement from selected reservoirs. A total of four cases for simulation were designed to enhance oil...

... to the traditional Arps model for use in shale gas wells, but much less study has been done to verify the accuracy of these methods in shale oil wells. There is a great amount of uncertainty about how to calculate reserves in shale reservoirs with long multi-fractured horizontals, since most of these wells of have...

... Abstract The geomechanical properties of an unconventional reservoir or shale, especially the minimum in-situ stress and fracture gradients, are important for several applications such as mud weight optimization and completion design. Two common methods of direct stress testing are using...

... Abstract A numerical modeling study was performed to investigate fluid recovery following hydraulic stimulation in low matrix permeability formations. A simulator was used, CFRAC, that implicitly couples fluid flow with the stresses induced by fracture deformation in two-dimensional discrete...

... Abstract In order to understand the effect of injected stimulation fluids on nano-darcy permeability, naturally fractured shale reservoirs, an integrated study of spontaneous imbibition has been performed. In this study, oil recovery during spontaneous imbibition in naturally fractured shale...

...Material Balance for Fracture System In this section, the effective compressibility term is derived by developing a material balance for the gas phase within the fracture system. Several authors ( Singh, 2013 ; Rahman et al., 2006 ; Moghadam et. al, 2009 ) have considered advanced gas...

... Abstract Various methods are used to overcome choking effects in propped fractures to enhance and maintain well productivity (particularly in low-permeability reservoirs). Choking effects can result from permeability damage caused by fracturing gel residues, low-proppant concentrations...