.... This paper will also highlight associated topics like release measurements and health & safety. grinder radioactive waste decontamination cabin netherlands ventilation system specific activity disadvantage upstream oil & gas safe removal abrasive effect disposal radioactive material...

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... installed in the recent past. Although it is possible to lift a very heavy module, such a module May produce new problems in other areas during the various stages of its life. The following considers all the stages in the life of a module and identifies the advantages and disadvantages of using very large...

... to construct flare booms big enough to handle the quantities of gas involved! How different from today when no one would even think of flaring as any other than the shortest of short term palliatives. gas monetization proposal onshore LNG North Sea Offshore Upstream Oil & Gas disadvantage...

... alternatives given in the literature, including patents, are reviewed. An attempt is made to ascertain which alternatives seem to be most promising. Drilling Equipment atlas copco ab disadvantage riser system BOP stack drillship water depth deeper water Conductor Downtime return line...

... ship air lift intake Hydropin subsea system shallow water spe 5278 production platform disadvantage Offshore Structure intake Anchor hawser Efficiency centrifugal pump application Hydropin NEL burial resistance firstly seabed material new technology SPE 5278 New Technology...

... of prevailing (and potentially new) technology. initial capital cost practical consideration platform practicalconsiderationsin Upstream Oil & Gas disadvantage residual oxygen oxygen concentration reliability filtration consideration charlesc subsea system concentration pipeline...

... <IIlli rl quin·s the introdLu:tion of future marketing increase and are thus at first overdimensional. probability data. The working out of a dynamic inwstment The objectives of price policy are accordingly, when model may, on account of the great uncertainty of the contemplated on a long-term basis, identical with those of the future expectancy factor~. not always he justified: nevertheless investment policy. one should, when laying down the policy and concept of an undertaking in broad outline, makl' usc of a gL'neralmodd for There are several alternative methods of adapting oneself, the development of approximation solutions as well as for the with regard to long-term profit maximisation, to an individually correct assessment of the propositional values of isolated growing demand, by capacity enlargements of the storage estimates. The dctl'rmining basic rl'liUircmcnt is: only /hal system. Since the capacity enlargement, as a result of the storage sysh m or that S('lflll'nn of l'arious L'nlargeiiH'III IIH'asures installation of new storage-systems, the laying of new pipelines, of the storage capacity and for /he pifle/inL's is oiJtimum which, the construction of new pump stations, and so on, usually in the acceptc d and co-ordinal(' demand and prh'e dc'lupmc flt- takes place at irregular intervals, underemployment and of the individual conn m, allows jiJI' til£' o/Jiaining of a maxi- overemployment of the system are at times unavoidable. In mum c·apital value. With regard to individual policy in the price fig. 3 some basic specimen cases of enlargement strategy are sector it can be also be said that that price strategy is optimum shown. The optimum price strategy and/or the maximum capital which, in. combination with an optimum capacity enlargement value depends upon their alignment from the point of view profile of the system, leads to a maximum capital value in the of optimum costs. Fig. 3 is valid for the successive installation period concerned. · of large storage systems with the closing down in each case of the preceeding system, whereby the degression of optimum Fig. 2 contains a qualitative general model in the form of a sizes is exploitable to a greater extent. In fig. 3 b, on the other flow chart which shows a practical basis for the optimum hand, the continuing operation of the older storage systems construction and the optimum conditions of a storage system. and the additional·installation of new part-capacities, in layers, Proceeding from the demand ;malysis (fig. ~ a) mw will, j,; presupposed: this kads to the operation of several small uudcr imperfect compl'litiw l'lliHiitious, at lirst l'XJll'l'l a 1athl'l' pal alld st magl' sysll'IIIS. This uncxploitl·d 1lq:n·ssiuu of op1!n1· widl! prin! inh'r·val with its ow11 rol'll'SJlolldill lllillhl ti W tu111al sit.l's is l'onfrontl'd with lhL' ;ulv;Jnt;l)\1' 111011 lhL' uhkr SPE 3721 H.H. HINTERHUBER 3 plants afford a positive covering contribution. By the instalment of a very large storage system according to fig. 3 c the relatively longest initial underemployment, with corresponding disadvantages in cost, can arise; on the other hand the advantages of the degression of operational sizes are more important in their consequences. For the construction of so large a capacity it is necessary to have a good view of the future marketing possibilities and also of developments in the field of supply. Planning corrections are, in the event of an erroneous disposition, hardly feasible any more, whereas the case is different with the successive installations of smaller storage systems. In individual cases the decision will be decisively influenced by the extent of the degression of operational sizes, which is itself dependent upon in all essentials upon geo-mineral and technical plant characteristics. The future capacity profile assumes a somewhat different form when one takes account of the capacity enlargement in the current operation as a result of rationalization measures and the improvement in storage conditions, which can sometimes be foreseen according to the laws of experience curves (broken lines in fig. 3). The enlargement models in fig. 3 proceed from the basic demand of alignment of the capacity with the marketing possibilities, which alignment should in a long-term view be as optimum as possible from the point of view of costs and on the other hand as close as it is possible to make it. The limits on the demand side find expression in the form of the demand curves and the over- and undercovering of the capacity curve. Presumable subsequent price changes do not find immediate expression in the enlargement models shown. It is only in the adjoining investment model that the possibilities of the alternative development of the takings in the course of time is considered by way of the price-amount-combination in the invidual concern and set against the equally dynamic development of costs. When one estimates in advance, for every enlargement model taken into consideration, the cost development as well as - in a simplified form - a definite price and marketing development, a capital value and/or an internal rate of return can be calculated for each case. The curves for the capital value and internal rate of return in dependence upon the constructional capacities then show definite optimum values (fig. 4 ). The not fully exploited capacities create a stimulus for lowered prices in order to arrive, by way of the extension of demand, at the sphere of lower production costs or higher coJ>er contributions. With small and less economically operating storage systems one has here to reckon with disadvantages in. the profit sector. In order to arrive at an overall comparison of the economic advantages and disadvantages of the initial overdimensioning conditioned by factors of growth one...