... water flooding began in 1987. Over the past decade numerous, long term laboratory studies of reservoir chalks were undertaken to understand the effects of water flooding on chalk strength and to provide input data for reservoir simulators and geomechanics codes used to predict reservoir compaction...

... including a water-induced compaction, which allow to restore numerous field observations remained unexplained until now. net voidage upstream oil & gas fluid dynamics enhanced recovery mechanism reservoir chalk equation subsidence chalk water interaction waterflooding interaction...