... These features make them very sensitive and chemically and physically reactive agents. The result is water-based mud with advantages of oil-based mud, but cheaper and environmentally acceptable ( Srivatsa et al 2011 ). Due to the tiny sizes, nanoparticles work as a perfect bridging agent...

... nanoparticles, at concentrations of 0.058, 0.24, and 0.4% wt., to the clean fluids. Filtration tests were conducted with a wall mount filter press, and at ambient temperature and 100 psi differential pressure. Excellent results were displayed with surfactant-based nano-fluids and Blend-A nano-fluids...