... with traditional saturation equations is problematic, such as low and variable water salinities, complex texture, and unknown wettability. There is, however, a recognized limitation: salinity can be estimated only in the low to medium range. Above about 60 ppk, water salinity, which influences the estimated water...

... of shales Formation water salinity FSAL > 100 ppk Abstract The mixed-salinity environment poses a challenge in petrophysics. Many efforts have been made, but the industry still lacks a workable solution for accurate formation measurements in the presence of variable or unknown water salinity...

... crossplot upstream oil & gas overlay salinity formation evaluation spe 135160 log analysis interpretation hydrocarbon point resistivity-sigma technique sigma log resistivity borehole application ppk water salinity well logging Introduction To manage existing fields effectively...