Abstract
The most common stimulation technique for shale production is multistage hydraulic fracturing. Estimating fracture geometry is a focal parameter to judge the fracture operation and predict the well performance. Different direct and indirect techniques can be used for fracture diagnostics to estimates fracture geometries. The current study combines fracture measurements and pressure transient analysis to estimate fracture surface area on each stage and to estimate production as a pseudo production log.
The numbers and kinds of fractures were calculated as a function of treating pressures, injection rates, proppant concentrations, and formation properties to compute fracture surface area (FSA). Pressure transient analyses were then conducted with the leak-off data upon completion of each frac stage to estimate the producing surface (PSA). The fall-off data was processed first to remove the noise and water hammering effects. The PTA diagnostic plots were used to define the flow regime and the data were matched with an analytical model to calculate producing surface area.
Tensile and shear fractures are both created during the injection of frac fluids. Shear fractures are caused by movement in already existing natural (fluid expulsion) fractures found in all shale source rocks. Shear fractures form a pressure below the minimum horizontal stress. These shear fractures take advantage of the rock fabric and develop higher surface area than tensile fractures for the same given volumes of water and sand.
FSA is a measure of permeability enhanced area due to hydraulic fracturing. Producing surface area is the resulting effective flow areaconnected to the wellbore. Diagnostic plots showed a linear and radial flow regime depending on the formation and the completion design. Good correlations were found between PSA and FSA results. In general, higher FSA produces higher PSA. In cases where producing surface area was higher than expected from fracture surface area, communication was found with offset wells. When FSA higher than PSA were found, it was usually caused by increased stress from too close offset wells.
Combining FSA and PSA measurements provides forecasts of production for each stage and helps to optimize well spacing at the end of each frac stage.
