... Abstract The unique characteristics of Portland cement in terms of properties, availability and cost does not allow it to be replaced in many cases. However, there is a certainty about the properties of Portland cement in the long term because of thermodynamical instability of cement...

... factor is the pressure gradient of the shallow gas zone which limits the density of the cement. The normal density of Portland cement 1.9 SG cannot be used due to limitations on the fracture gradient of the formation. Therefore, light-density cement is normally used for shallow formation ( Adjei...

... with API recommended practice 10B-2 (2005) . Abstract Portland cement has become the prime material used for zonal isolation; sealing annuli between casings, between casing and formation and finally for plug and abandonment (P&A) operations. However, there are concerns regarding Portland cement...

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