Drilling fluid additives play an important role in drilling engineering. Drilling fluids assist in transporting the cuttings to the surface, control formation pressure, and cool the bit. The most common fluid additives that are used in drilling fluids are the chemical additives such as barite, bentonite, caustic soda and many more. Each chemical additive has its own set of applications. Chemical additives are used for rheological properties, filtration controls, and many more. These traditional chemical additives give promising results, but they have some side effects that are commonly ignored. These side effects include cost, health, safety, and environmental concerns. This paper presents a new alternative for drilling fluid additives which are the food waste products that are discarded by people. The main objective is to be able to use food waste products as drilling fluid additives to improve the mud rheological properties and avoid any environmental issues that are commonly caused by conventional chemical additives. The food waste products are available everywhere and are easily accessible making them a good candidate for further investigation. The cost of food waste products is less compared to the cost of chemical additives and food waste products are friendlier to the environment. The average total cost of drilling operations is expensive, and part of that expense includes the cost of drilling fluids, which is also generally high. By using food waste products, the total cost for drilling operations reduces, providing a better economic solution. Food waste products account for about 8.2% of greenhouse gas emissions and they can be utilized for better uses such as drilling fluid additives. It is also generally safer to handle food waste in comparison with chemical additives as some chemical additives have hazards that require proper equipment in order to be handled. Food waste products have the potential to compete with traditional chemical additives and they might be a good alternative. Several investigations have been carried out by people using food waste products. From the previous work and experiments carried out by people, it has shown that food waste products generally improve the mud rheological properties and fluid loss control. From the previous work, there are several shortcomings that can be avoided suggesting more evaluations. Further investigation and experiments should be carried out to gain more information and results of food waste products as a drilling fluid additive in order to be used for future drilling projects.

The simplified approach to calculate risk is the development of semi-quantitative approaches mixing between the risk matrix and Layer of Protection concepts. Risk assessments can be difficult, time consuming, with variable outcomes based upon a number of factors, e.g. team members, their competency, their understanding in risk assessment, and risk perception, etc. This new approach helps to minimize these concerns and allows assessments, to be undertaken more quickly. The new approach is an application of the LOPA technique, combined with elements of the qualitative criteria from a designed risk matrix to access the adequacy of the risk reduction measures provided for an activity when performing risk assessment report for operational safety. The main purpose of this work is to demonstrate that Layer of Protection concept can be applied for personnel safety risk risk assessment to ensure the measures for prevention and mitigation employed appropriately result in a level of risk reduction to as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). This approach also assists a risk assessor to avoid common errors during performing hazard identification and risk assessments.

According to the requirements of key external stakeholders which consists of mother company, government agency, Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) 56-1, Dow Jones Sustainability Indices (DJSI), Carbon Discloser Project (CDP), International Oil and Gas Producer (IOGP) and partners as well as internal PTTEP requirements such as SSHE policy, sustainability report, environmentally operational and monitoring controls consequently all related environmental data shall be collected, calculated, analyzed and reported. Corporate Safety Security Health and Environment (SSHE) initially developed and implemented the Environmental Performance Reporting System (EPRS) for all operating assets and official issued the Environmental Performance Reporting (EPR) Procedure in the later time At the beginning the environmental data were manually consolidated, calculated, summarized and reported through excel spreadsheet format and input into mother company SSHE Performance Database by each assigned asset representative. Pain points from users which were 1) Working with number of excel spreadsheets; 2) Wasting time with duplicate data input, email notification and comfirmation process; 3) Using of invalid factors or coefficient; 4) Lacking of data security control; 5) Unspecified of role and responsibility for report preparation, review and approval; and 6) Limiting of storage space of individual computer were often raised and discussed. To solve all pain points above, the development of EPRS was brought into the consideration. The goal was to establish an effective and efficient reporting system that is user-friendly, easily accessible, permanent database storage, calculate the output and provides summarized data. Initially, the purchasing of additional functions in Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Software was contacted to propose the quotation. The quotation with huge cost was proposed for developing the EPRS. Due to oil price crisis PTTEP promoted an encouraged the save to be safe program. Consequently In-house development of Web-based EPRS application has been initiated and innovated in order to solve and close out all pain points raised by relevant parties. The development of application with supporting by company group digital team has been completed and Go-Live in September 2018. The functions provided in application cover the generation of asset environmental performance report, analysis report as well as system synchronization. Furthermore the application helps reducing man-hour of projects and corporate personnel that equivalent to save budget of 46,200 USD per year. Finally this paper indicates how technology with innovation can be used to reduce double works and improve the quality of reporting in terms of completeness, consistency, accuracy as well as monitor the environmental performance. This system serves as the foundation for efficient and consistent reporting processes, which are essential for encouraging a culture of commitment to sustainable development.

The commitment of Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) to "provide resources to respond to oil spills efficiently and effectively on a global basis " to the industry is principally founded on the health, safety and well being of personnel; fundamental to the business is the effective management of health and safety risks. When oil spills occur, responders are often expected to work in challenging environments which present serious health and safety risks; examples include, but are not limited to, extremes of temperature, wind and humidity; a concern is personnel working in hot weather conditions. To this end, a safe system of work, aligned to industry good practice, was established. The safe system of work for operating in hot weather consolidates and strengthens existing processes in the OSRL risk management framework; it leverages on familiar tools and utilises ‘Heat Risk Categories’ derived from ‘WetBulb Globe Temperatures (WBGT)’. Key to the effort are written procedures which calibrate and standardise measures to prevent and manage heat injuries, applied to the following: 1) Planning; 2) Response; and 3) Demobilisation phases in any oil spill clean up. The procedures were validated over a succession of field deployment exercises conducted in Bahrain during summer, between 2016 and 2018 This paper will discuss the risk management approach by OSRL - focus is placed on the practitioner's perspective to ensure service delivery in hot weather conditions. The attention given to heat injuries, justified by instrument-measured indicators grounded in research, represents a step improvement to ensure the health and safety of responders. From a practical perspective, the following considerations are brought to the fore, starting from the planning phase: Adjustment of work load, clothing and PPE, commensurate with the heat risk Allocation of sufficient and appropriate resources to implement recommended work/rest cycles Capture of data for reporting and future reference (and further study)

Management of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study and information for long period and complicated operation is one of challenge in brown field operation, an application to establish an efficient and effective tool for communication and monitoring can assist involved parties in the process to acquire the consistence data for appropriated management. The scope of application comprised of the e-database of huge numbers EIA reports, tracking & monitoring system, available EIA laws, regulations, knowledge management and EIA information checklists for that data management. Regulation of Thailand on EIA report and study as well as users’ requirements are gathered for term of reference and basic criteria on web-based structuring design. That design framework was prepared by IT and Digital team and presented to users for feedback, recommendation and integrating for further development. Once the application is completed and finalized, the rollout is deployed to all action parties to be aware of the function-abilities and further actions required. The function ability of EIA Data Base is composed of 1) e-Database: the data migration of reports is systematically kept in SharePoint with searching tool function. 2) Tracking System: the key information which potentially deviate will be extracted and input in the application. 3) Service Request with EIA Information Required Checklist. This application is a single channel or platform of all EIA matters for data consistency with tracking system to notify appropriated action. In addition, storage of e-EIA database in this application can prevent the loss of document and reduce environment impact by the paperless system of digital information.

Marine rubber hoses are normally used for loading and offloading condensate or crude oil in oil and gas industries. These hoses are mostly contaminated with hydrocarbons or other heavy metals and disposed of as hazardous waste. With the aim of "zero waste to landfill" and adoption of a waste upcycling approach, better and appropriate disposal methods for used hoses in market were evaluated and selected to support the achievement of the target. Typically, used hoses are disposed of by secured landfill. To avoid the high negative impacts of landfill, used hoses from the Company activities had been accumulated in storage over many years while the Company sought out the best available process to manage them. Burning the waste in a Cement kiln, an alternative waste disposal method, cannot dispose of the hoses completely because they are made with reinforced steel wires; in fact, the hoses must be shredded into smaller pieces prior to burning them in the kiln. As a solution and an endeavor to develop new methods with hose manufacturers, waste disposers and other waste generators, a combination of decontamination and pyrolysis process was selected as the answer. The former is a process of removing contaminants that have accumulated in the hoses and that are critical to health and safety, while the latter is a new way of getting value from burned materials through thermochemical decomposition of organic material at high temperatures while they are in chamber absent of oxygen; this causes the materials to break down into smaller molecules. As a result of this combined process, we are able to convert hoses with reinforced materials into alternative valued products: carbon black, steel wires, and pyrolysis oil, which can be further used as raw material or an energy source for other industries. In terms of commercial use, this new method has resulted in lower cost when compared to using a secured landfill. It serves as an alternative waste disposal method and is considered to be the most efficient process to replace secured landfill. This method may also help the Company in disseminating future best practices on the disposal process to other oil and gas companies who are considering alternative processes and help the Company in promoting the waste upcycling scheme for a better environmental value.

According to the functional safety standard IEC 61508 (2010) , requirements apply to Safety Instrumented Functions (SIFs) for achieving a certain Safety Integrity Level (SIL). A typical SIF comprises of initiators (e.g. sensors), logic solvers and final elements (e.g. valves). A common method for SIF equipment vendors to document compliance with the standard is the use of SIL product certificates. This can be an efficient way of demonstrating functional safety compliance, but also involves certain challenges which will be discussed in this paper. A study has been undertaken to identify recurring issues in functional safety compliance. This study is based on experience with SIL projects undertaken for various vendors, integrators/engineering companies and operators. The projects comprise SIL Failure Mode, Effects and Diagnostic Analyses (FMEDAs), safety manuals, certifications and SIL compliance reports. The main aim of the study is to identify challenges and pitfalls and to provide solutions for preparing traceable and unambiguous compliance documentation. During the study it became evident that final elements presented unique challenges to SIL compliance, so this paper particularly focuses on documenting compliance for valves. The study reveals challenges related to the methodology used to reach a rational conclusion to the integrity of SIF elements covered in each certificate. This especially relates to definition of safe state for the relevant SIFs. It is important to have a clear and unambiguous definition of safe state, as this might give a different result regarding compliance. Clearly stating the application where the element is going to be used is important; this includes operational and environmental conditions. Challenges are also related to the failure rate derivation and whether the scope of the FMEDA is the element isolated or the element in a given application/system. The paper presents concrete examples of challenges, describes the impact of erroneous analyses and proposes solutions for each challenge. This paper considers best practices for issuing SIL certificates, limitations and advantages of SIL certification, and methods to ensure efficient compliance documentation, reliable results, and avoidance of the challenges discussed.

Objectives/Scope: The paper examines how oil spill Surveillance, Modelling and Visualization capabilities have evolved over the years and how synergies between these technologies aspire to answer some of the pressing questions on "Situational Awareness" for operational decision making during oil spill events. Methods, Procedures, Process: Techniques exist that provide information about a slick's location, and potentially, information can be gathered about characteristics of a slick such as thickness. This is important in order to maximize the encounter rate of spill response tools, since the best equipment will do little if it is not located in or able to be deployed at the location of greatest concentration, whether it is to be collected, burned, or dispersed. Used together, these technologies ensure that resource intensive airborne and ground based spill response tools and personnel can be deployed effectively and timely manner to achieve optimum response performance. Results, Observations, Conclusions: Major oil spills may involve multiple intervention and response strategies. Although much of the focus has been on mechanical containment and recovery, in-situ burn and dispersants, there have been significant developments with respect to sensing technologies that may allow for better discrimination of the details of a surface slick. This is important since effective response relies on the ability to locate the majority of a spill. It is usually the case that most of the slick volume resides in a small area and by identifying the areas of thicker oil, it is possible to deploy response tools in a more effective manner. Therefore, it is important to have good information about the size of a slick, type of spilled material, location and trajectory. Without this it would be difficult to know how much response equipment to plan for and where to position it. In addition, it is expected that the oil will be subject to natural weathering processes such as evaporation, dissolution, dispersion, and emulsification, all of which may diminish response tool effectiveness. Slicks will naturally spread and in locations in the open ocean, currents and winds will serve to spread the oil farther, making it less continuous and thinner. Novel/Additive Information: Technological advancement in oil spill response operations continues to occur constantly, despite a common misconception that there has been little or no change since the first major offshore oil spill happened in the 1960s. Technological advancements will be discussed with a focus on operational readiness level and existing knowledge gaps for future improvements.

Dispersant use can be a critical component of an effective response to larger offshore oil spills. In particular, it is recognized that, when used appropriately, dispersants can greatly mitigate the potential for long term environmental impact by preventing floating oil slicks from remaining on the sea surface and stranding on sensitive shorelines. These benefits have been realized following large incidents such as the Sea Empress spill (UK, 1996) and well blowouts in Australia (Montara, 2009) and in the Gulf of Mexico Macondo 2010). In recent years, the decision to use dispersants in response to an oil spill incident often draws much public and media scrutiny. The possible spread of misinformation, combined with unrealistic expectations about the effectiveness other oil spill response options such as mechanical recovery and a lack of understanding regarding the potential for overall mitigation of a spill's impact through dispersant application, can establish major obstacles for its use. In the event of an oil spill incident, regulators need to ensure that all available spill response tools are considered when developing and implementing the response strategy that will be the most effective for dealing with the incident. They also need to have appropriate information to be able to justify their decisions to a wide range of stakeholder communities. Successful use of dispersants during an incident is often time dependent and therefore pre-established and well understood regulations concerning dispersant approval and use are critical to enable a timely decision-making process. The IPIECA (the global oil and gas industry association for environmental and social issues) and IOGP (International Association of Oil and Gas Producers) guidance document on Regulatory Approval of Dispersant Products and Authorization for their Use aims to provide the background and relevant information for use by regulators to ensure that a fit-for-purpose dispersant policy is established as a part of the national oil spill contingency planning framework. The main purpose of the document is to establish a common understanding of what is important for an effective regulatory approval process for dispersants and their use. Industry's recommended approach for developing regulations for dispersant approval and use are discussed, based on the IPIECA-IOGP guidance document. The primary concerns of the oil spill stakeholder community about their use are addressed. Current industry good practice is detailed and a recommended path forward to address relevant issues is offerred, e.g., from dispersant effectiveness and toxicity testing to recommendations on authorization for use and operational monitoring.

Integrity management of assets has become a major issue for oil & gas contractors. Despite regular inspections and numerous safety procedures, failure events are still regularly reported from fields. Consequences are generally limited however; the risk of catastrophic events is still high whereas new systems could be easily put in place for reasonable pricing and without impacts on operations. This paper presents an innovative solution based on combination of traditional vibration measurements and wireless technology that helps operator to get an accurate health status of operating installation. Vibration and temperature sensors can periodically and autonomously provide measurements to a condition-based maintenance software. By eliminating the wiring constraints, critical machinery located on difficult or dangerous access areas can now be instrumented and monitored easily. Wireless technology allows users to hold off the risk of rotating parts or hot spots by limitation of interventions. Condition based maintenance (CBM) techniques such as vibration analysis allows detection of suspect mechanical behaviors at the earliest possible stages for the best mitigation strategy. This paper presents the demonstrator of such solution which has been deployed within industrial harsh environment. Ship machineries have been equipped with a complete and fully autonomous system. As an example some pumps have been monitored during a 6 weeks sea campaign. This pilot-test has demonstrated efficiency of such system and readiness of wireless technology for surveillance applications. The chosen application of shipping industry is particularly representative of harsh environment constraints as well as difficult access. Furthermore, quick installation and easy set-up of the entire system is compatible of operation constraints of commercial ships in service. As an outcome of this experimentation, vibration and temperature measurement have been recorded over time. Smartly computed, this type of information provides at a glance to the operator a very accurate health status of critical components like bearings, gears, unbalance, misalignment… Overall behavior and tendencies have been displayed and shared with the operator. Compatibility of the proposed solution with operator expectation has been validated. Featuring of overall overview with color indicators (Green/yellow/red) is especially appreciated.

Oil contaminated sandy soil is considered to be an economical and environmental problem for the oil industry. The level of contamination is measured in Total Organic Carbon (TOC), which is a sum parameter to measure hydrocarbon compounds. TOC is considered to be the main contributor to the oil contamination in the field. The disposal process of oil contaminated sandy soil, commonly used in the current oil fields, attracts huge investment and resource. In an effort to clean the oil contamination of the soil from the oil field, an experiment program is designed to remove oil from the sand by using ultrasonic technology. The experiments with samples from an oil field in Austria indicate a substantial decline of the TOC value, measured by an Oil-in-Water Analyzer with quantum cascade laser (QCL) technology. Considering the physical feature of oil contaminated sand, a mechanical washing process is applied along with the ultrasonic technology in the experiment. The initial test of the experiment is to determine the real ultrasonic effect on the sample without washing effect in the treatment. The test proves that the combined process of mechanical washing and ultrasonic cleaning in two steps is an effective method to remove the oil from the sand sample. The ultrasonic technology alone can remove 88% of oil from the oil contaminated sand. The lowest TOC is achieved by mechanical washing following by the ultrasonic cleaning, which ultimately removed 99.5% of oil from the contaminated sandy soil. The new technology which is more safe, economical, reliable and environmental friendly will provide an alternative solution to remove oil from the sand not only to the oil industry, but for the society too.

Abstract Current trends in drilling require a proven and comprehensive approach to assessing and managing the risks of wellbore collisions. This paper outlines the scope and nature of the challenges in collision risk management, and provides an overview of a systematic, field-tested approach to identifying, evaluating, eliminating and/or mitigating those risks. Key aspects of the process are explained in detail and a recent field application on a large platform offshore Indonesia is discussed to illustrate the key values of the risk management process. These include maximizing resource recovery by permitting the safe, precise placement of wellbores, and minimizing the financial and human cost of losses from incidents avoided or mitigated.

Abstract The objective of the paper is to review the environmental risks facing Oil & Gas industry with the perspective of reducing pollution and environmental compliance costs by using innovative technological tools. The environmental risks of industry operations are many but are commonly associated with; drilling fluids containing toxic materials (including oil/grease, heavy metals, & naturally occurring radioactive materials); produced waters posing threat of accidental release; potential emissions of hydrogen sulfide in natural gas deposits with its deadly effects on human health; and blowout of exploratory wells (statistically, in 0.5–1% cases) under pressurized contents of a geologic formation resulting in harmful emissions; and other accidents severely impacting environment and the project economics. To focus on general environmental risks, statistics of environmental incidences and preventions related to well drilling, pipelines incidents and spills/leaks are described. Guidelines and some economically feasible options based on technological advances to minimize risks to environment & human health are also listed. However, the paper essentially emphasizes the importance of technological advances to reduce industry's operational and environmental compliance costs during all phases (exploration, drilling, production, transportation, and storage) of oil and gas exploration and production (E&P). An an example, using modern technology, a substantial cost reduction from $8M in 1980 to about $0.1M today is realized for a 50 sq-mile exploration survey. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) estimates that by 2020, the lower cost compliance technology programs could decrease cumulative industry environmental compliance costs by over $36 billion. The cost reduction coupled with better survey and monitoring data allows less intrusive methods with least impact on environment. Compliance cost reduction further provides opportunities for investing in continued research & development (R&D) towards achieving environmental protection goals. Therefore, special emphasis is to be given to applications of "smart technological solutions" in achieving essential goals of environmental protection, economic benefits and environmental sustainability.

Abstract Although it is common to think of health, safety, and environment (HSE) as one focus area, in many countries where internal political stability is of concern, this area also includes security (i.e. HSSE). It is also discernible in such places that a considerable portion of non-productive time (NPT) is associated with waiting for the delivery of explosives to perform routine operations, such as casing perforating or pipe severing, or even setting bridge plugs or packers. The occurrence of NPT can result from many factors, but it primarily arises from the sensitive issue of moving explosives and the security measures it demands. In some cases, this lost time is conservatively estimated to be more than $12 million annually for a land-based operation. It is easily plausible to incur triple these costs for offshore operations, noting that these cost estimates do not account for the revenue losses attributable to a delay in production of hydrocarbons. Considering the magnitude of the problem, a concerted effort was put forth to determine viable alternatives to the use of explosives. This paper presents a comprehensive range of non-explosive solutions, including field-proven technologies that address a majority of the operations encountered in the field. The solutions come in various forms, such as the use of slickline, electric line, or coiled tubing services with specialty tools, all depending on the well situation. These technologies provide results and performances comparable to explosive-based methods and, in some cases (such as perforating before a hydraulic fracturing treatment), outperform the traditional solutions. There are also instances, such as in a highly deviated or horizontal wellbore, damaged casing or tubing, or tight restrictions, in which shaped charges will not work effectively but, with the versatility of perforating with coiled tubing using high pressure pumping and abrasive material, can surgically place perforations or sever pipe, as needed, at the preferred location. The prospects of significantly reducing the NPT and improving performance are substantial. The case histories presented will validate the success of the technologies and their application in the industry. Introduction The processes of acquiring, moving, storing, and handling explosive-based equipment can be very difficult and time consuming. In many countries in which regional security is a concern, the movement of explosives is a controlled activity and the process can be long. Consequently, when an unplanned event occurs, such as stuck pipe, in which pipe severing with explosives is the solution, the drilling rig may wait for several days to perform this job. These types of occurrences are quite common, especially in highly active drilling areas (with a rig count of more than 95 active rigs), and the NPT costs easily exceed $12 million annually. Proven Technologies to Accomplish Tasks Normally Performed with Explosive Devices. Typical operations that require explosives include the following: Downhole pipe cutting for pipe recovery after an incident, such as stuck pipe or any other type of pipe removal operation Tubing punching for fluid circulation Perforating casing for production injection or hydraulic fracturing Setting packers and bridge plugs Over the years, several alternative methods have been developed that often provide better performance and results than conventional explosive methods. Depending on the application, the deployment methods for these techniques can include coiled tubing, slickline, wireline, and jointed pipe.

Abstract In the Torrey Canyon incident, 41 years ago, environmentally unfriendly 'chemicals' with highly aromatic solvents were used in large quantities. These were highly detrimental to the environment triggering countries to enforce regulations on the use of oil spill treatment chemicals. Organisations which opted to use dispersants faced stringent requirements and in addition, they also faced dispersant toxicity and effectiveness issues and operational challenges. National government policies may place restrictions on the use of dispersants such and other constraints such as water depth and distance away from sensitive coastlines. They may also maintain a list of approved dispersants which have been tested for efficacy and toxicity which end-users must be aware of and in compliance with. Besides having to clear the stringent regulations set by the authorities, 'window of opportunity'1 for effective spraying have to be taken into account. These can be identified by laboratory and / or field test under the conditions expected. Key parameters that require consideration are the sea state, water temperature and other environmental conditions 2 that could either enhance or inhibit the process of dispersion Usage of dispersant during an oil spill response poses certain operational challenges. Issues such as staging and working areas that would offer the shortest possible time must be taken into account. These include distance to the spill site and transit time for the replenishment of dispersant stockpile. Availability of deployment equipment and trained personnel are often logistically challenging and these preparedness issues can lead to an extended response time. This paper will discuss the key issues and challenges faced during an oil response using dispersant spraying strategy with the aid of case studies from spill response operations in Libya, Korea and Angola. Introduction If spilled oil is dispersible, high volume aerial dispersant application, by virtue of its large encounter rate, is one of the most effective response strategies for dealing with spills in the open marine environment. However, to enable an aerial dispersant operation to be effective, a large number of factors need to be considered in advance. It is vital to have a comprehensive plan detailing the policy approvals for dispersant use, oil characteristics and environmental data to support their use together with the operational and logistical arrangements to enable their use. Having put all of these preparatory elements in place, the crucial component to ensure a timely and effective response is the need for leadership and rapid decision-making. There are few response strategies that are as time critical for their success as dispersant response and a lack of rapid decision-making can render all of the carefully made preparations invalid. Over the past twelve months, Oil Spill Response has been involved in three major international responses requiring the use of high volume aerial dispersant system and collectively they have provided lessons in decision-making, technical understanding, legislative recognition, bureaucratic impact, logistics, planning and operational preparedness.

Abstract Injecting oilfield waste into suitable receiving formations is an effective and environmentally acceptable method to dispose of drilling and production waste including cuttings, drilling fluids, produced water, emulsions and other produced waste. Traditionally, solid waste is degraded to less than 300 microns and suspended as water-based slurry containing 20% solid matter. Rheological properties are controlled so that the slurry can be injected, typically using triplex pumps, under high pressure (1000 to 5000 psi) through a casing annulus or tubular into hydraulic fractures. At locations, where injection pressures are within limits and the disposal well and domain may cope, or be benefitted with higher rates of injection, increases in the rate of disposal is beneficial to operations due to the increased efficiency allowing faster ROP's or faster evacuation of waste storage devices. This paper discusses the suitability and application of multistage centrifugal pumps for drilling waste injection and provides some data obtained during real time waste injection operations using multistage centrifugal pumps in parallel installation with traditionally used triplex pumps. Wear data in conjunction with engineering economic evaluation will be discussed. Slurry viscosity and particle size data will be presented to show the effect of pump shear on slurry properties and the implications for waste injection. A multistage centrifugal pump proved capable of pumping waste slurry continuously at relatively high rates for a limited trial period of time. A multistage centrifugal pump provides a continuous flow without the pulsation normally associated with using a reciprocating plunger-style pump and the need to have such pulsation dampened. Laboratory testing and real-time subsurface injection data at an offshore installation indicates that multistage horizontal centrifugal pumps may offer some benefits compared to traditional reciprocating triplex plunger pumps. Some operations requiring relatively high flow rates with flow media containing solids may benefit from implementation of this style pump providing the net power requirement and equivalent downhole pressure requirement are within the pump design range, and there is available footprint at the location. Oilfield waste can be disposed of in an environmentally responsible manner under zero-discharge conditions with the performance of the pump ensuring operational reliability and injection assurance. Operations on a global scale may benefit from this new application for multistage pumps. Decreased downtime together with slurry stability and controlled injection assures operational performance and cost effectiveness, enabling oilfield waste to be disposed in a safe, controlled and environmentally responsible manner. Introduction Since it was first tried in the mid-1980s in the Gulf of Mexico, waste injection (WI) has developed into a strong segment of environmentally responsible drilling waste management operations. Waste management system hierarchy favors waste reduction through reuse-and-recycle rather than disposal to mitigate environmental burden with associated long-term implications and waste ownership burden. Compared to surface disposal, WI uses subsurface injection and permanent placement of disposed materials into hydraulically fractured receiving stratum or adequate formation downhole. Such operations performed by qualified and experienced operators have been proven on multiple locations around the world to be secure and compliant with zero-discharge demands on land and offshore. Although the injection of cuttings and other drilling wastes into suitable formations may not be applicable for every drilling operation in every region (Guo and Nagel 2009), it may be considered not only viable, but the preferred option in environmentally sensitive, remote or otherwise challenging locations. Examples are found in the North Sea, where other drilling waste disposal options are cost prohibitive or noncompliant with regulatory requirements implemented in a region.

Abstract As a Production-Sharing Contractor to BP MIGAS (Indonesian Government Body for Oil and Gas), PT Chevron Pacific Indonesia (CPI) - Chevron Sumatera Operations is Indonesia's largest oil producer. CPI employs approximately 6,500 people and additional 30,000 people as contractors in its operating area throughout Riau Province on the island of Sumatera. The huge numbers of facilities around 800 are operated in CPI. It is believed that there several hazards during job activity. In managing those hazards, CPI initiated to deployed FSWP - Fundamental Safe Work Practices system since 2003. There are seven elements: Access Control, Work Permit, Personal Protective Equipment, Standard Operation Procedure/Job Safety Analysis, Lock-Out & Tag Out, Material Safety Data Sheet, and Housekeeping. Each element consists of: definition, scope, process, infrastructure, and specific competency on process performers. One of Process performer is Facility Owner who is a leader that has a role to assess his assigned facility in monthly basis. FAsT is an IT Application to track and trace the last status of FSWP implementation in every facility inside CPI. This Application is intranet using network database. The users are: Data inputer, Facility Owner, General User, and administrator. Using this local web-based application is effective to see how far the FSWP implementation in all CPI facilities. Every employee has an access to generate report on the facility. Introduction Job activities in Oil and Gas industry related to several hazards such as hydrocarbon, radioactive, explosive material, temperature, mechanical, electrical, chemical, etc. If there is an interaction with hazards then the probability of accident occur will be high. Prevention to accident is managing hazards by elimination, substitution, engineering design, administrative, and using personal protective equipment. Elimination and substitution are not applied for hydrocarbon in oil and gas industry. If those happened, it means no business in oil and gas. The engineering design and personal protective equipment also have some limitations. The most applicable is administrative approach in handling hazards. The administrative approach includes policy, procedure, standards, codes, etc. PT Chevron Pacific Indonesia (CPI) applied the Fundamental Safe Work Practice (FSWP) process to manage hazards. In 2003, the FSWP initiative started consists of seven elements: access control, work permit, personal protective equipment, standard operating procedure/job safety analysis, lock-out and tag-out, material safety data sheet, and housekeeping. Those elements shall be applied in all facilities. To ensure implementation on FSWP, there is a monthly self assessment. The self assessment conducted by facility owner of the facility. Each assessment record and documentation related to FSWP shall be managed well by facility owner. To track any records on the assessment, in 2007, another initiative comes out to create web-based application as database. The application called as FAsT - FSWP Assessment Tracking; consists of all seven elements assessment, recommendation, and action item as needed.

Abstract With an ever growing interest in the safety, health and environmental performances of organisations across the industries, today's responsible businesses are committed to the conservation of workplace safety and health, as well as the environment. In Oil Spill Response, risk assessment (RA) is an integral part of the Safety Management System and pivotal to operational safety. RA is used to address hazards and risks to our staff, contractors, and the large number of industry delegates subscribing to our training courses annually. Over the years, the approach to RA has constantly evolved. While the concept is not foreign, a lack of common understanding on how risk assessment should be applied has limited the purpose for which it is meant. Following a recent in-depth review of the existing process, the methodology for risk assessment underwent a major revamp. Central to this review is the need for a coherent approach to the conduct of RA across all levels of the organisation. The outcome of the study signifies a step change in the approach to risk assessment, with an ensuing framework that is more rigorous and comprehensive. Aligned to approach taken by leading organisations in the Oil and Gas industry, hazards and risks to people, environment, assets and reputation are addressed using defined sets of criteria. This paper will outline key challenges in the conduct of RA, and the different considerations when reviewing the approach to managing operational hazards and risks. The corresponding build-up of a framework to administer the process, and to support the communication of risks, coupled with the implementation of risk control measures and post-activity review, will also be discussed, with an intention to highlight how management commitment and visibility is demonstrated through its application. Lastly, the paper will explain the practical application of the revised methodology, taking in view the diverse environments that spill responders would be required to work in.

Abstract Radioactive sources utilized in many industries, including the petroleum industry, have raised security, safety and environmental concerns. Oilfield sources are highly mobile, transported across the world and often used in remote locations. Despite safeguards and regulations, such sources have been lost, stuck down-hole, or breached. Concerns have been raised on sources being used in a radiological dispersal device (RDD). The US National Academy of Sciences, being concerned primarily with RDD, recently recommended replacing radioactive sources used in several industries with alternative sources. These include replacing Am-Be neutron sources used in porosity devices with either neutron generators which are switchable or with Cf-252 which emits lower amounts of radioactivity. The lower risk Cs-137 source used in measuring density was spared at this time. However, a breached Cs-137 density source down-hole recently necessitated the setting up of a very long-term, elaborate monitoring program and thus such sources are of concern too. This paper discusses the critical role of radioactive sources in petroleum exploration and production, protocols prescribed by regulators and the International Atomic Energy Agency for their safe use, concerns about their RDD potential, and lessons learned from a recent breached radioactive source incident in the field. The paper identifies additional procedures the oil industry needs to consider to use radioactive sources safely and securely, reviews the NAS recommendations and their potential impact on the industry, and describes alternatives to current chemical sources the industry is considering and the challenges which have arisen in making the transition. Introduction Devices with radioactive sources are used for a wide range of beneficial applications. These include cancer therapy, irradiation of blood for transplant patients, sterilization of medical equipment, non-destructive testing of structures, and petroleum exploration and production. In the petroleum industry, such sources are used in applications ranging from radiography of platform and flow equipment to flow monitoring to down-hole measurements for reserves estimation. In addition, naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) containing potassium, thorium and uranium can deposit on walls of pipes carrying fluids from the reservoir and have to be disposed off. Despite the strict protocols mandated in utilizing radioactive sources in petroleum and other industries, radiation contamination from industrial use of sources has caused serious health effects and even death [IAEA, 1988]. Following the tragedy of September 11, 2001, concerns have been heightened on potential use of industrial radioactive sources in radiological dispersal devices (RDD's). According to the International Atomic Energy Agency [IAEA], millions of sources have been distributed in the past 50 years for the variety of applications cited, but they were not well-catalogued. Citing the United States (US) Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the IAEA noted that US companies have lost track of nearly 1,500 radioactive sources within the country since 1996 with more than half of these never recovered [IAEA, 2002]. The same IAEA report cites a European Union (EU) study which estimated that up to 70 sources are lost per year from regulatory control in the EU. Most sources contain low-level radioactivity and thus are unlikely to cause harm. However, according to the IAEA, there are over 20,000 operators of sources with significant radioactivity [IAEA, 2002].

Abstract Environment acceptable modified natural macromolecule based drilling fluid is mainly composed of shale inhibitor agent IND30, fluid loss control agent NAT20, bloomless white asphalt NFA-25 and dry powder of polyalcohols PGCS-1, which are biodegradable and environment acceptable. Results of rheological property tests of based mud, IND30 mud, NAT20 mud, NFA-25 mud and environment acceptable modified natural macromolecule based drilling fluid provide us with the best of dosage of each component and confirm that the drilling fluid system meets requirements of petroleum drilling. Other experiments indicate that environment acceptable modified natural macromolecule based drilling fluid has five merits. Firstly, it can bear a high temperature of 140º. Secondly, it has very good anti-contamination ability. Thirdly, inhibit ability of the system is very strong. Fourthly, it can control formation damage. Last but not least, both of the drilling fluid and the basic components are environment acceptable. Field applications of environment acceptable modified natural macromolecule based drilling fluid indicate that not only did the drilling fluid solve a series of complex problems it did not disturb other works such as well logging, casing and production. What's more, it is a kind of environment acceptable drilling fluid that can be used both on dryland operation and in marine drilling for different well types. Introduction With the increase attention to environment protection and the necessary of formation damage control, more and more drilling fluids had been found disqualified from work. Some of them contain polymers which might have toxic monomers such as acrylamide which can lead to environment pollution. Others might pollute the ocean lives because of the chemical agents, so they are forbidden in marine drilling. Fortunately, since environment acceptable modified natural macromolecule based drilling fluid had been introduced into petroleum drilling industry a lot of problems had been solved. Environment acceptable modified natural macromolecule based drilling fluid is such a kind of fluid that is mainly composed of biodegradable natural macromolecule [1]. It has very wonderful rheological properties which will meet the requirements of petroleum drilling. At the same time, its inhibitive capability can control formation damage and make it possible to drill safely. For the simple and environmental acceptable components, environment acceptable modified natural macromolecule based drilling fluid has been widely used in petroleum drilling industry. Components Environment acceptable modified natural macromolecule based drilling fluid is mainly composed of IND30, NAT20, NFA-25 and PGCS-1. Materials, production process and basic properities of these components should be known.