Abstract
Hydrogen is set to play a key role in the global energy transition. However, to realize its full potential as a clean energy carrier and decarbonization agent, the production of low emission "green" hydrogen will have to be increased substantially. Today, more than 95% of all hydrogen consumed is "grey", meaning it is produced via steam methane reforming (SMR), autothermal reforming (ATR) and/or coal gasification. While the economics of clean hydrogen production continue to improve, there are still several challenges that must be addressed to drive scalability and adoption.
The availability of sufficient (and preferably low-cost) renewable energy is essential for producing clean hydrogen. Another prerequisite is the availability of a reliable hydrogen (and preferably oxygen) transport network. Studies and practical experience show that it is possible to convert existing steel pipelines from natural gas to hydrogen transport. However, changes to equipment (e.g., compressors, fittings, control valves, etc.) and operating parameters may be necessary. Establishing long-term offtake agreements is also essential for large-scale clean hydrogen developments to reach final investment decision (FID). This paper discusses these challenges in-depth and provides insight into the factors that have contributed to the success of several clean hydrogen and e-fuel projects which have reached FID. On all of the projects mentioned, Siemens Energy is providing its proton-exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer technology.
