... Solutions. Pre-processing topics include meshing, ply properties, laminate definitions, element orientations, global ply tracking and load case development. Post-processing topics include principal stresses, failure indices and strength ratios. Nonlinear solution topics include progressive ply failure...

..., and is derived using equations [10] degree of heterogeneity due to the fibers (approx. 10-5 m) is and [11]: at least 10 times less than the thickness of a ply. In this context, a ply can be considered to be homogeneous. Battens eps_ 1 = h _ lam m1r [12] manufactured by pultrusion without skins, and battens 2 J1...