The defining characteristic of heavy and super heavy oilfields is the large spatial variation in fluid properties, such as oil viscosity, commonly seen within the reservoirs. Traditional heavy oil and tar sand exploration and production strategies rely significantly on characterization of key reservoir heterogeneities and assessments of fluid saturations. While it is important to understand how these properties vary, the spatial distribution of fluid properties can often dominate production behavior but surprisingly, are usually ignored!
Heavy oil and tar sands are formed by microbial degradation of conventional crude oils over geological timescales. Constraints such as oil charge mixing, reservoirtemperature dependant biodegradation rate and supply of water and nutrients to the organisms ultimately dictate the final distribution of API gravity and viscosity found in heavy oil fields. Large-scale lateral and small-scale vertical variations in fluid properties due to interaction of biodegradation and charge mixing are common, with up to orders of magnitude variation in viscosity over the thickness of a reservoir. These variations are often predictable and can be integrated into reservoir simulation models in a manner similar to specifying geological heterogeneity. In this work, we describe and illustrate quantitative geological controls on fluid property variations and show how petroleum geochemistry can be used to rapidly produce high resolution fluid property images of tar sand and heavy oil reservoirs. The impact of viscosity variations in a heavy oil reservoir on production depends on recovery method. Numerical thermal reservoir simulations reveal that oil viscosity heterogeneity (i.e., a vertical viscosity profile in the reservoir) lowers the oil production volumes from Steam- Assisted Gravity Drainage in geologically realistic reservoirs compared to results from equivalent models run with uniform average viscosity profiles. Similar results are found for the Cyclic Steam Stimulation process. In cases with viscosity profiles, the relatively high viscosity at the base of the reservoir slows the growth of steam chambers relative to that in uniform viscosity reservoirs. We also describe how the chemical fluid heterogeneities can be used to predict oil viscosity from well cuttings and/or core or to de-mix produced oils into zonal contributions from different parts of the production well.
There are over 6 trillion barrels of heavy oil and tar reserves on Earth but average recoveries remain tantalizingly low (5 to 15% for cold heavy oil production and 40 to 85% for steam assisted gravity drainage operations.1) The defining characteristic of heavy and super heavy oilfields is the large spatial variation in fluid properties, such as oil viscosity, commonly seen within the reservoirs. Traditional heavy oil and tar sand exploration and production strategies rely significantly on characterization of key reservoir heterogeneities and distributions of porosity and permeability and assessments of fluid saturations. While these reservoir characteristics are controlling factors, variations in fluid properties can often dominate production behavior, but are usually ignored. Figure 1 reminds us that according to Darcy's law, reservoir permeability and fluid viscosity contribute equally to controlling the net flow rate of oil during production under a given fluid potential gradient.
