... the design of our future systems. The global shift towards a low-carbon economy has triggered an unprecedented surge in demand for critical minerals such as nickel, cobalt, copper, and manganese. These minerals are indispensable for the production of batteries and other clean energy technologies...

... the surprised look of the ropemakers with a budget requisition in the 1870's for a rope ‘umbilical’ >15,000 feet (4,500 metres) to deploy sampling tools to the ocean deeps. Analysis of the samples in 1891 showed the Pacific Ocean nodules to containimportant metals, including nickel, copper and cobalt...

... of failure was the 0,0006? thick zinc-nickel plate with an olive drab chromate treatment. Based on these test results, zinc-nickel plate is recommended as a corrosion resistant and environmentally acceptable replacement for cadmium plate for use in surface marine environments. Electroless nickel coatings...

... the same value than land-based low-grade nickel laterites and manganese deposits that are considered as the next-to-be-developed resources. However the technical risks inherent to deep sea operations require presently a higher ratio of return. This gap could be reduced if research programs are maintained...

... ABSTRACT At present, the ore reserves per man in China is 1.5t, much less than 3.5t which is the average ore reserves per man in the world. With the development of China national economic construction, the requirement for copper, nickel, cobalt and manganese to China's industries is being...

... nickel, copper, cobalt, and manganese from manganese nodules (hereafter referred to as nodules) was the object of major exploration efforts by various governments and companies during the 1960s and 1970s and of major concern during the decade-long negotiations for the Law of the Sea Treaty. Recently...

... nickel, copper and cobalt will yield approximately ﹩423 million in annual revenues, a before-tax profit of about ﹩180 million and an after-tax profit of less than ﹩100 million, providing an unsatisfactory low internal rate of return of approximately seven percent. It isunlikely that ocean mining wi11...

... ABSTRACT An acid leaching process of Pacific ocean nodules has been studied. Nodules were leached with 0.1-3.5 N sulfuric acid at 70-90°C for 2-30 hours. Kinetics of copper and nickel extraction was discussed. Nickel and cobalt were recovered from the leaching solutions with hydrogen sulfide...

... ABSTRACT Manganese nodules in the northern part of the Central Pacific Basin are morphologically classified into two, r (rough) and s (smooth) groups. Nickel plus copper grade and abundance of nodules is weakly inversely correlated in general, related to the nodule morphology...

... of ocean mining on both domestic and international markets for nickel, copper, and cobalt cathode, and standard Grade A ferromanganese granule indicate that world social surplus should increase almost 640 million (1975) dollars due, in part, to the predicted drop in price for both nickel and cobalt cathode...

... of premium alloys were based on the resulting water chemistry. shaft groove ss shaft operation selection materials and corrosion production chemistry alarge scale sea waterflood coating brine pipeline corrosion nickel pump shaft riser corrosion upstream oil & gas alloy sulfur...

... that publishing is the largest sector of the marine mining industry. reservoir characterization nodule engineer nickel operation calcium carbonate continentalshelf copper marine mining continental shelf london metals & mining prospectsof marine mining statistics mineral offshore gravel...

... ocean billions of dollars' of profit in a short while. There were others who claimed that land mining was a thing of the past and the future of all nickel, copper, and manganese mining was in the sea (1) (2) (3) (4). None of these extremes are true (5). Today there are very few who adhere to anyone...

..., cobalt, tin, and nickel. The mapped distribution of copper values, and to a lesser extent zinc, cobalt, nickel, do resemble haloes similar to those found around some producing districts on land and are encouraging. On the north side of the Keweenaw Peninsula, the copper trend is parallel to the coast...

... to testing the reports that vast tonnages of copper, nickel, and other usable metals were contained in these sea-floor nodules. Our initial work appropriately involved the collection and study of all published information relating to the occurrence and characteristics of these metallic agglomerations...