... Abstract Numerous field studies show that mature first-year (FY) ridges consist of a solid ice consolidated layer (CL) below which is a keel of ice rubble. The CL is generally thicker than the ambient level ice. With the decrease in multi-year ice in the Arctic, FY ridges may become...

...-Arctic. Important components of a ridge creating ice loads are the consolidated layer at the surface (which is considered as solid ice) and the ridge keel below consisting of ice rubble, but much thicker. The load due to the consolidated layer is usually derived as if it is thick level ice. On a cone...

... design scenarios are isolated and DOE methodology is used to determine the most influential parameters on response quantities of interest. flexural strength upstream oil & gas random factor response quantity rubble consolidated layer replication configuration keel cohesion conclusion...

... calculation ice thickness equation rubble friction shaft ice rubble References References Brown , T. G. , Tibbo , S. , Shrestha , N , Tripathi , D , Obert , K. , Bruce , J. R. , Maes , M. A . ( 2010 ) Analysis of ice interactions and ice loads on Confederation...

... Abstract Typical rock berms used to protect submarine pipelines may be damaged under shear by a first year grounded ice rubble keel. Physical model tests in a centrifuge have indicated that such damage occurs under loads less than those typical of actual design conditions. These novel tests...

... in this paper. displacement assembly actuator rubble otc 23792 load cell strength keel test program soil tray ice keel surcharge ceiling soil bed physical testing method berm ice tank facility resistance upstream oil & gas construction test frame OTC 23792 Physical Testing...