.... upstream oil & gas iso 19906 thickness keel upward bridge strength ridge load ice rubble subsea system flexural strength fy ridge keel depth confederation bridge correlation vertical structure rubble consolidated layer croasdale level ice interaction ridge interaction...

... of those formulae show that force estimates can become excessive in situations where the expected keel depth is great compared to the designed structure width. Such scenarios would be expected in offshore oil and gas operations where drilling risers, jack-up legs, and even jacket structures may be exposed...