... low air temperature air temperature alaska polar code operation operational window ice chart sea ice ice accretion marine transportation us government operational limitation limitation environmental data estimate polar water ice class hazard rio ship technology conference...

... icing. kv nordkapp modeling ship droplet temperature velocity distribution shipice air temperature operation thickness time interval droplet computation reservoir simulation upstream oil & gas shipice model ice rate equation droplet size starboard side atlantic kingfisher...

... monitoring data being collected. The forecasting techniques (e.g. numerical atmospheric and oceanic prediction models, satellite-based schemes, and rules based systems) being evaluated, are outlined. prediction installation offshore installation grand bank air temperature offshore technology...

... profiles and surface air temperatures at five-minute intervals. Two co-located tripod-mounted anemometers recorded oneminute surface wind speeds. Dew point temperatures and cloud areal fraction were obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim Reanalysis...

... operation handbook 2013 subsea system air temperature wind speed upstream oil & gas kulyakhtin experiment tsarau 2014 requirement heat transfer us government droplet allowance environmental condition ship offshore structure lozowski ice accretion ABS 2015 , Guide for Vessels...

... Abstract Ice accretion is a hazard for offshore operations on cold northern waters. Icing on vessel surfaces can be caused by a variety of phenomena, including cold air temperature, low water temperature, freezing rain, and supercooled fog, among others. A single salt water droplet's phase...

...-003 and ISO 19906 are giving good guidelines. The suggested design criteria provided by the standards have an annual probability of exceedance of 10-2, which means that an event is not likely to occur more than once every 100 years. NORSOK N-003 suggests a design criteria releted to air temperature...

... conduct emergency operations. droplet temperature droplet cloud ship vessel superstructure geosund superstructure droplet upstream oil & gas wind speed air flow enhanced recovery sea spray ice accretion rate simulation ice accretion air temperature skandi mongstad bridge...

..., andsatellite imagery in concert with a series of aerial reconnaissance missions. The study findings are presented in seven categories: air temperatures, first-year ice growth, the timing of freeze-up, landfast ice, multi-year ice, ice pile-ups, and extraordinary ice features discoveredoff...

... global climate both on the basis of climatic modeling and observation of dramatic changes in arctic landscapes and sea ice. As early as the 1990s, air temperatures in interior northwest Alaska were warming at a rate of 0.75 °C per decade. The resulting thawing of permafrost causes significant damage...

... that satisfies the range of temperatures and other ancillary ambient environmental and HSE issues associated with such a wide range of operational requirements. Background Arctic operations will subject the hull and industrial systems to icy and ice covered waters with design air temperatures as low as −40°C...

... is a field-proven installation method used to install three subsea pipelines on the North Slope of Alaska. Historically, the industry assumed that un-insulated pipelines installed from floating ice into seawater filled trenches during winter will warm up from the subzero arctic air temperatures...