... of hard rock with surface crack, and according to the theory of heat transfer, phase transition and elastic-plastic mechanics. This paper applies the evolu- tion process of temperature field and frost heaving load in fractured rock. And then the program Comsol Multiphysics is used to analysis...

.... For example, it may be changed from triaxial stress condition to biaxial or even one dimensional stress. Afterwards, the rock mass may not resist the adjusted stress after excavation which can lead to rock failure in mining engineering. reservoir geomechanics hard rock characteristic MPa metals...