... In the Osloregion (Oslo = Capital of Norway) many dual purpose rock installations are under construction. (1980) In peacetime they will be used as sports halls and swimming pools. In the event of war they can easily be converted into very good civil defense shelters. Five such installations...

..., advanced methods of subsoil exploration and excavation progressively tend to reduce the cost differential and to lessen the risk of cost overruns or of abandonment. Despite their growing popularity, 'underground storage installations are still the exception rather than the rule. The risks associated...

... Since 1970, when in the Netherlands a Law "Pollution Surface-Water" came into force with a view to protect the quality of surface-water of lakes, rivers etc., sewage treatment plants were built at many places in the country. For some other areas plans were prepared to realize such installations...

... to be carried out. psychological reaction hollister 1968 Subsurface Installation underground environment underground space underground facility reference outline recommendation subsurface work environmental aspect Health & Medicine general reference outline subsurface environment...

... & finance Helsinki Finland air-raid shelter subsurface airraid shelter heating cost rock shelter car parking storage leisure activity shelter contingency planning peacetime application technical data public shelter construction installation PEACETIME USE OF SUBSURFACE AIRRAID SHEL TERS...

... advantageous both to the owner of the installation 1 and to society as a whole. There are good reasons to regard the use of subsurface space as a resource within the field of community planning comparable to, for example, buildings and roads. It is consequently of interest to study how society takes...

... of the need for improvements in older -shelters and the increased demands on the modem command centers, research has been initiated in order to find out roost economical ways to construct and maintain undergroun:1 installations. Before going into details a brief summary will be given of some basic facts...

... resistance stauffer innate energy installation lithothermal energy mined space subsurface facility limestone year total utility cost insulation category Energy Use Effectiveness underground development occur ENERGY USE EFFECTIVENESS & COSTS COMPARED BETWEEN SURFACE & SUBSURFACE FACILITIES T...

... Most of the 18 000 MW of hydro-electric power installed in Norway, come from plants located underground. The course of development from 1950 until today has been from steel-lined shafts in the supply system to unlined shafts and tunnels. This type of design entails significant economic...

... In Norway, during the last decade, several dual purpose rock installations have been constructed. In time of peace they are serving as sports halls and swimming pools and in war events as public shelters. Running experiences have shown remarkable low energy consumption and maintance costs...

... traffic demand. Moreover, problems relating to incorporating the transit systems in urban surrounding and their environmental impact are factors acting in favor of underground installation. However, the promotion of rights-of-way below ground level necessarily calls for specific measures to be taken...

... System construction Energy Storage storage installation pilot study storage facility pilot project ecological effect aquifer heat pump sediment Proposed Swedish R&D Program for ENERGY STORAGE IN THE GROUND AND BOTTOM SEDIMENTS H. Altmann and J. G. Holmberg Theorells, Member of SWECO...

... the installation costs for these storages must be kept very low in order to make them economically competitive. The addition of a thermal storage to a combined power and heat production plant will enable the power production to be adjusted accord.ing to the consumption pattern of electrical energy...