... with fossil water in the disposal facilities or seawater in submarine tunnels. Upstream Oil & Gas Helsinki groundwater laboratory test Finland Johansson salinity hydraulic fracturing strength characterisation CSG gel time grout Japan penetration theory pH adjuster saline water...

... sensitive in terms of penetration length to groundwater composition than the other grouts resulting in the narrowest range of distribution of factor φ. Therefore, as an alternative method, designing a longer gel time by multiplying the inverse value of φ can be proposed to attain the required penetration...