... tests were conducted under conditions of plane strain. A schematic diagram of a typical model is shown in Figure 3. design line clay cover strength tunnel axis dense sand Upstream Oil & Gas tunnel support pressure city university critical stability ratio mair stability tunnel...

... in the behaviour of the piles. design line roughness unconfined compressive strength fracture skin friction value Williams dublin 0 pile socketed structural geology hard rock pile loading test skin friction Kulhawy Reservoir Characterization friction Irish rock adhesion factor Ireland...