..., Minster and Cole (1974) reported that a preferred orientation of microcracks has a marked effect on elastic-wave velocities, with a major reduction in velocity when particle motion is perpendicular to the plane of microcracks. Many authors (e.g. Crampin 1984, 1985) have shown that an isotropic solid...

... seismic profiling (VSP) and cross-hole seismic surveying have considerable potential for fracture detection and characterization. It is important to record the three components of the signals because of the phenomenon of shear-wave birefringence or splitting (Crampin 1978,1981,1984a,1984b,1985...