... in the solution field. Their kinematic consti- tutive ( strain-type ) variables are relative displace- ments, and the corresponding static ( stress-type ) variables are stress tractions. In particular, the authors have used them for repre- senting rock joints in the context of rock masses, con- tacts between soil...

... was entirely sheared because of a cumulative displacement of the block along the G1 interface during undercut- ting. It is noted that the relative displacement between the ground and bottom surfaces of the block was approximately 1 cm in the G1 interface s dip direction. 242 Figure 4. Slope displacement data...

... monitoring for bridge, and some other cases for engineering education. 2 STRUCTURE OF LEDS Figure 1 shows a schematic view of the fundamental structure of the device. The sensor is for measuring a relative displacement between A and B. Two points are connected by a spring and a stiff wire. The spring...

... is independent of the Young's modulus and the displacement induced by the gravity is in inversely proportional to the Young's modulus. The relative displacement arising from mine excavation in Torigatayama limestone mine, Japan have been measured by GPS. Both the stress state and Young's modulus of the regional...

... long-term deformation mesh relative displacement rock mass 551 Rock Engineering in Difficult Ground Conditions Soft Rocks and Karst Vrkljan (ed) © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-80481-3 Analysis of long-term deformation of a rock slope on Ikura limestone quarry J. Kodama...

... increasing was also observed. Fardin et al. (2001) demonstrated scale dependency for mechanicogeometrical properties using fractal geometry. Previous studies, and constitutive modeling have been carried out by the same authors (Vallier et al. 2004). However only the small relative displacement concept has...

... a test are at least the shear relative displacements, the normal relative displacement, the relative rotation of the rock walls, the shear stresses and the normal stress. During a hydro mechanical test, additional values are recorded: the input pressure of the fluid, the input flow, and the five output...

... on the characteristics of the mesh and is independent of the separation among the horizontal reinforcement cables (Sy). The unitary support of the mesh in (kN/m2) depends on the distance (S 5.1 Relative displacement and control of deformation of the system The relationship between the relative displacement (L1R...

.... The observations are available for a sufficiently long period of time. A typical MPBX data plot between relative displacement of anchors and time is shown in Figure 4. It may be mentioned here that the displacement of various anchors in MPBXs is with respect to the mouth piece fixed on the exposed periphery...

... displacements between bolt, grout and rock mass can amount to several centimeters before the grout has set. No experience is reported on the effect of those displacements on the setting of the grout and the bearing capacity of rockbolts subject to relative displacements during an early stage. Observations...