...), a Reynolds number at 2.5×104 and gap ratio of e1/D = 0.4 was studied in the validation tests. The numerical results on the mean drag coefficient (CD_m), mean lift coefficient (CL_m) and Strouhal number (St) are listed in Table 2, which are defined as, -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -4 -2 0 2 4 C p_ m y/D (a) -1.6 -1.2 -0.8...

... displacement vibration small cylinder equation upstream oil & gas cylinder zhao lift coefficient amplitude diameter different diameter simulation single cylinder vortex-induced vibration frequency viv stationary cylinder Vortex-induced vibration of side-by-side dual cylinders...

... with various swimming speeds ranging from 0.5m/s to 4.5m/s. The drag coefficient and the lift coefficient of the manta ray are measured and compared. Results show obvious differences between negative and positive angles of attack. Additionally, the deformation of the free surface induced by the gliding manta...

... positive effects on the performance at high angle attacks in deep stall while negative effects in light stall, and no distinctive stall is observed during the flapping motion. amplitude high attack angle airfoil protuberance upstream oil & gas vortice turbulent flow lift coefficient...

... and the boundary. KEY WORDS: Hydrodynamic force, Wavy boundary. Spannmg pipeline, NOMENCLATURE Force coefficient Drag coefficient Lift coefficient A verage lift coefficlen t Root-mean-square lift-coefficlent C'LAMAX Average maximum fluctuatIng lift coefficient D Cylinder diameter F Hydrodynamic force h Waveheight...