... operations such as lighting or dynamic positioning motivates the study of ship maneuvering at low speed. A ship may drift either headway or sternway while the propeller is thrusting ahead or astern during operations at low speed. Side forces are generated due to the oblique flow which may affect...

... in yawed and heeled condition. Sails generate side forces as well as propulsive forces since they act like a system of zero-thickness foils with attack angle. The so-called lateral resistance of hull, keel, and rudder below the free surface should balance the side forces from the sails. Otherwise...

..., it seems that first order in-line terms are only weakly affected by the dimensions of the basin whereas the first order side force on the lateral cylinder shows evident interference effects. At the same time, the amplitude of the second order terms of the forces show a smoother variation with time...