... of the routing problem should provide the possibility to take into account the maximum number of influencing factors and ice parameters in order to exclude the mistakes of critical importance. Secondly, any software-based automatic routing method (including the one presented in this article) should serve only...

... physical properties. But the results of field experiments cannot reflect all ranges of possible changes in ice parameters as ice cover state undergoes noticeable interannual variability. As an alternative approach to take into account possible changes in parameters of ice cover state, we proposed (Bekker...

... Sea ice parameters operate at different spatial scales ranging fr.om millimetres to hundreds of kilometres. The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) aboard the operational satellites ERS and RADARSAT has been successful in capturing some of those parameters, with limitati.ons linked to their spatial...

... reflect all ranges of possible changes in ice parameters as ice cover state undergoes noticeable interannual variability. As a promising approach to take into account all possible changes in parameters of ice cover state, we proposed (Bekker, Appel, 1997) to combine the description of local ice regime...

... of an improved scientific-operational system supporting navigation with information on Ice State includes numerical calculations of ice parameters and specialized recommendations for navigation. The collected onboard observations of ice cover and ship (icebreaker) velocity during polar navigation and scientific...

... strength for vertical samples is approximately 2 times as much than the strength of the horizontal samples (Peyton, 1966). strength ice structure ice surface sea ice variability ice sample anisotropy compression strength investigation thickness fast ice ice core ice parameter sea...