..., the iterative nonlinear step-by-step solution can easily become unstable. nonlinear solution strategy time step displacement substep simulation ship increment solution strategy cable element length procedure powell node cable element stiffness cable pay-out zueck robustness mbdsim...

.... This may be done by trenching and backfill, rockdump, concrete mats or pipe supports. However, all these methods are related with high costs. friction internal pressure configuration expansion curve element length displacement soil friction stiffness offshore pipeline material model hoop...